France an Analysis wk2
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RUNNING HEAD: FRANCE AN ANALYSIS
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France an Analysis
Elliott J. Clemente
School of Criminal Justice, Liberty University
Author Note
Elliott J. Clemente
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Elliott J. Clemente
Email: ejclemente@libertyuniversity.edu
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Abstract
France is one of the most visited countries on the planet. Many of the sights and the French cities
and rural provinces makes France and Paris one of the more popular places on the European
continent. Paris has always held the world's imagination with monuments like Cathedrale de
Norte Dame de Paris, the Eiffel tower, chantz d'larze, Musee du Louvre, Musee Rodin, and the
Arc de Triomphe France is one of the modern cities in the European Union. France is standing
both economically, and its standing among its allies (The United States and The United
Kingdom) places it among the global member countries of the G-7, G-20, and European Union.
France also is a permeant member United Nations Security Council. France is also a member of
numerous multilateral and multinational organizations.
The total population of France an estimated at or about 81.5 percent or 53 217,966 as of 2020. A
significant portion of the population resides within its city's borders, in the reverse of pre-WWII
France, where most of the populace lived in the rural areas. Today some 12,057,545 or 18.5 percent
call the rural areas to call home.
The French crime rate and statistics for 2018 were 1.20, a 5.68 percent decline from 2017; in 2017,
the crime rate was 1.27 percent, a 5.97 percent decline from the previous year.
Keywords
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French Analysis
The country of France is the eleventh oldest country in Europe. The Charlemagne King of the
Franks expanded the territory and renamed the Carolingian Empire area. In 843 CE (Common
Era), the Treaty of Verdun was signed, splitting the Empire in three. In 843 CE, the western portion of
the Carolingian Empire (West Francia) makes up Modern France.
France is a vast European country with a physical landmass of some 220,668 square miles. It
reaches Germany; It is second only to the Russian Federation in square miles (more than 6.5 million
square miles). France as a country has a total of 123 cities, with Paris as the capital. The total
population of France has an estimated population of 65,273,511, making it the 22
nd
largest country
population-wise in the world. The median age of the French population is 42.3 years.
France shares land borders with six other countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and
Italy). The English Channel, along with the Atlantic Ocean on its Western Coast, separates England.
From the French western shore. The Mediterranean Sea sits on the Southeastern shore of France,
where seaside cities like Marseilles and Lyon. As a direct result of the Second World War, most of the
country's population emigrated from the provincial countryside to the city centers like Paris.
People and Society of the country
French Economy
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The French economy saw a change immediately after WWII, where people from the French
countryside (provincial areas) left to find employment in the cities throughout the country. The
primary destination for many in search of employment was Paris. Paris serves as the cultural,
political, financial essences of the country, but also it is the home of many of the country's major
industrial companies.
The French economy is like the other major European countries (the United Kingdom
and Germany). France is highly developed and well-diversified, and based on the Laissez-faire
free-market theory; people are free to conduct business absent of governmental interference or
following restrictions. The current system success places France as the seventh-largest economy
in the world. Boccara, Hecquet, D'Isanto, & Picard (2013) from a French perspective, there two
dimensions to the internalization of firms as multinationals: the presence in France of enterprises
controlled by foreign groups employed in France in the non-farm mainly market sectors works in
a multinational, i.e., 6.8 million persons employed in 2010. Of these, 1.8 million works for
employed in a foreign-controlled company (P. 1).
Unlike many countries throughout Europe, the French government allowed large businesses
to become partially or fully privatized. Companies like Air France Aviation/Aerospace), Renault
(automobiles), France Telecom (Telecommunications), and Thales (Electrical systems). While
privatization is the leading economic philosophy, the government does provide a strong influence
on public services like transportation, power, and defense. The French economy follows the
capitalist ideology as indicated in the privatization of their more prominent companies. Many of its
leaders view the current tax policies and social spending to limit its systemic inequality.
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French GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has historically dragged behind other European
countries for high spending and low return. Most recently, a 2017 economic review saw a deficit
reduction in the French budget of 2.7 percent for the first time in half-decade years.
Transnational Issues
France's geographical position in the middle of Europe with the Atlantic and the English
Channel to its west has always been an attractive road for Transnational Organized Crime (TOC),
smugglers, counterfeiters, money laundering for the movements of illicit goods in and out of
Europe, and eventually into the United States. This route was made infamous and termed the
French Connection. The route was so well known among those in the underworld that once
European and American authorities disrupted the organizations and routed it damaged the flow
into the United States for some time them and the rest of the world, Hollywood made a movie
about it.
Franco-U.S. Relationship
One of the more pressing issues facing the relationship of both France and the United
States is terrorism and how to combat the problem. Since 2015 France, like the United suffered
numerous terrorist attacks on its soil. These attacks forced France and its Prime Minister to take a
more aggressive posture than the other NATO nations and members Security Council. Macron
sought to increase Frances's response to the increasing terrorism and those that sponsor it. In a
2014 briefing, the Congressional Research Service put out a report indicating that Macron's
worldwide sought to increase his country's profile on the world stage. Macron advocated a stronger
European Union and international response to combat terrorism, especially in the Middle East and
Africa, where more than 5000 French troops carry out counterterrorism operations (p.3).
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Internationally, France and its Prime Minister Macron held steadfast to stand side-by-side
with its alley across the Atlantic and President Donald Trump. Macron did so even when
numerous European leaders stayed away from the crude American President. The United States
President expressed his strong belief in bilateral cooperation between the countries to combat
transnational terrorism. Trump's growing unpopularity among the European population but
especially among the French people their relationship has caused some worry among the French
political elite, creating questions on how effective the current relationship between both countries
is and can France count on the United States to stand tall next to France when the time comes.
After the Presidential elections in the United States brought about a change in the
President, a familiar face was now the country's leader. The question of unity was no longer a
question. The election of Joe R. Biden as the President of the United States restored confidence in
an old alley.
Government Structure and Criminal Justice
French Law
Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
The French Criminal Justice System is unlike that found in the United Kingdom or the
United States. They are two court branches that make up the French legal system. The first branch
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is the Administrative. The administrative court is where disputes involve the government and a
person (public) and violations of the law. The second branch is the Ordinary Branch. This branch
handles all criminal court cases. Amaral-Garcia (2021) Currently, there are forty-two
administrative tribunals, and eight administrative courts of appeal, and the highest level is still
Conseil d'Etat (p.5).
The organization of the Ordinary French courts is like courts found throughout the
European Union (EU) and the United States, with the Highest and most consequential court at the
top. Followed by the court of appeals directly below it in its importance, working its way down to
the bottom, wherein the case of France is the Courts of Minor Jurisdiction. There is no exception.
The Court of Assize sits off the side between the Court of Appeals and Courts of Major
Jurisdiction.
The Court of Cassation is the French equivalent to the Supreme Court in the United States.
It is the highest Court in France. The court hears cases from both Criminal and Civil cases. Terrill
(2016), in the context of judicial proceedings, is figuratively what the courts do, for it is responsible
for ruling on appeals that involve a point of law (p. 164).
The court of appeals is made up of 35 individual courts spread throughout the country. The
primary responsibility of this court is to hear criminal appeals from lower courts. Like the Court of
Cassation, the Court of Appeals is responsible for ruling on appeals that involve a point of law. It
also has an additional responsibility it the final arbiter for civil cases. Criminal cases can move
forward to the Court of Cassation.
Throughout France's 96 different departments, Courts of Assize have located within the
departments of France of a Court attached to the original court of appeals in criminal matters. It
hears cases involving the lower courts and services as the first instance on all crimes (felonies).
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This court also serves as the highest tribunal court. It panels three judges and nine jurors. In cases
involving national security, the court does away with the jurors and utilizes just the three judges.
The next lower court in the hierarchy is the Court of Major Jurisdiction. These courts are found in
128. different jurisdictions spread throughout the country.
When Judge sits to hear a civil case, the court is referred to a civil court. Unlike the other
courts above them, this court has unlimited jurisdiction in all civil matters over all departments in
their area. On all matters involving crimes, the Judge that sits for the criminal case is called
correctional court. A series of a misdemeanor in this court are called debits. Another responsibility
addressed by this court is that of the juvenile court.
Crime Scenario
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References
Amaral-Garcia, S. (2021). Administrative Courts.
I3health/ECARES, Universite libre de Bruxelles, Brusseks, Belgium
Boccara, F., Hecquet, V., D’Isanto, A., & Picard, T. (2013). Internationalization of Firms and the
French Economy.
Les enterprises en France, edition 2013
Belkin, P. (2018).
France and U.S.-French Relations: In Brief.
Congressional Research Service
https://crsreports.congress.gov
/product/pdf/R/R45167
Jones, M & Johnstone, P. (2016). History of Criminal Justice. (5
th
Ed).
Anderson Publication
Terrill, R. J. (2016) World Criminal Justice Systems: A comparative Survey (9
th
Ed).
Routledge Publishing
Holy Bible
News Article
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https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/peche-post-brexit-macron-repousse-l-ultimatum-20211101