uk_s_drug_poilcy_for_plag

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Shawnee Mission East High School Quick Submit Quick Submit uk's drug poilcy for plag .pdf Salman Malik Salman Malik Document Details Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Submission Date Dec 2, 2023, 3:21 AM CST Download Date Dec 2, 2023, 3:23 AM CST File Name uk_s_drug_poilcy_for_plag.pdf File Size 339.1 KB 8 Pages 1,937 Words 12,060 Characters Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 1 of 10 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

How much of this submission has been generated by AI? 66% of qualifying text in this submission has been determined to be generated by AI. Caution: Percentage may not indicate academic misconduct. Review required. It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions about a student's work. We encourage you to learn more about Turnitin's AI detection capabilities before using the tool. Frequently Asked Questions What does the percentage mean? The percentage shown in the AI writing detection indicator and in the AI writing report is the amount of qualifying text within the submission that Turnitin's AI writing detection model determines was generated by AI. Our testing has found that there is a higher incidence of false positives when the percentage is less than 20. In order to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation, the AI indicator will display an asterisk for percentages less than 20 to call attention to the fact that the score is less reliable. However, the final decision on whether any misconduct has occurred rests with the reviewer/instructor. They should use the percentage as a means to start a formative conversation with their student and/or use it to examine the submitted assignment in greater detail according to their school's policies. How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives? Our model only processes qualifying text in the form of long-form writing. Long-form writing means individual sentences contained in paragraphs that make up a longer piece of written work, such as an essay, a dissertation, or an article, etc. Qualifying text that has been determined to be AI-generated will be highlighted blue on the submission text. Non-qualifying text, such as bullet points, annotated bibliographies, etc., will not be processed and can create disparity between the submission highlights and the percentage shown. What does 'qualifying text' mean? Sometimes false positives (incorrectly flagging human-written text as AI-generated), can include lists without a lot of structural variation, text that literally repeats itself, or text that has been paraphrased without developing new ideas. If our indicator shows a higher amount of AI writing in such text, we advise you to take that into consideration when looking at the percentage indicated. In a longer document with a mix of authentic writing and AI generated text, it can be difficult to exactly determine where the AI writing begins and original writing ends, but our model should give you a reliable guide to start conversations with the submitting student. Disclaimer Our AI writing assessment is designed to help educators identify text that might be prepared by a generative AI tool. Our AI writing assessment may not always be accurate (it may misidentify both human and AI-generated text) so it should not be used as the sole basis for adverse actions against a student. It takes further scrutiny and human judgment in conjunction with an organization's application of its specific academic policies to determine whether any academic misconduct has occurred. Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 2 of 10 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

Introduction: The United Kingdom's approach to addressing drug-related issues has been a subject of persistent debate and scrutiny, particularly in the context of the overarching global effort known as the "War on Drugs." (Homel, 2013). At the heart of this discourse lies the application of deterrence theory as a fundamental framework guiding the nation's drug policy. Deterrence theory, rooted in the concept that punishment can dissuade individuals from engaging in criminal behavior, has long been a cornerstone of punitive measures in the criminal justice system (Harcourt, 2014). However, its effectiveness and appropriateness in the context of drug offences remain contested. This critical assessment delves into the intricate interplay between deterrence theory and the UK's drug policy, dissecting the efficacy, ethical implications, and unintended consequences of relying on punitive measures to combat drug-related challenges. As the nation grapples with the complexities of addiction, public health concerns, and the perpetuation of criminal enterprises, an examination of the role played by deterrence theory becomes imperative. By scrutinizing the theoretical underpinnings and practical outcomes, this study aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the strengths and limitations of deterrence theory in shaping the trajectory of the UK's approach to drug control. Deterrence Theory in Criminology: Deterrence theory operates on the principle that the threat of punishment deters individuals from engaging in criminal behavior. It posits that the fear of consequences can influence rational individuals to refrain from committing crimes, thus preventing criminal acts. 1. Human Nature: Deterrence theory assumes a rational actor model of human behavior (Harcourt, 2014), suggesting that individuals weigh the potential benefits and costs before engaging in criminal activities. It presupposes that people are responsive to the fear of punishment and adjust their behavior accordingly to avoid negative consequences Cesare Beccaria's Perspective: Deterrence theory, as conceptualized by Cesare Beccaria, is grounded in the assumption that individuals make rational choices based on calculating potential costs and benefits. Beccaria argued that human nature is driven by self-interest and the pursuit of pleasure while avoiding pain. He believed that individuals would weigh the consequences of their actions, including the threat of punishment, before engaging in criminal behavior. Jeremy Bentham's Perspective: Deterrence theory, as advanced by Jeremy Bentham, is grounded in the assumption of rational choice and hedonistic calculus. Bentham believed that individuals are rational actors who seek Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 3 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

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pleasure and avoid pain. According to Bentham, human nature involves rationalizing the potential pleasures and pains associated with different courses of action, including criminal behavior. George J. Stigler's Perspective: Stigler, an economist, extended deterrence theory by providing an economic perspective on human . He argued that individuals are rational decision-makers who engage in a cost-benefit analysis when considering criminal behavior. Stigler's emphasis on economic considerations in human decision-making aligns with the rational choice model, suggesting that individuals weigh the expected costs and benefits before engaging in criminal activities. 2. Social Structure: Beccaria's Perspective: Beccaria recognized the influence of social structures, particularly the legal system, on individuals' crime decisions (Harcourt, 2014). He advocated for legal reforms that ensure transparency, fairness, and the consistency of punishment. Beccaria's emphasis on the importance of a well- defined legal structure reflects the recognition that the social framework shapes the effectiveness of deterrence. Bentham's Panopticon and Surveillance: Bentham's views on social structure are exemplified by his design of the panopticon (Bentham, 2006), a prison with a central observation tower. The panopticon aimed to maximize the power of surveillance, making inmates constantly visible to the observer in the tower. This architectural concept reflected Bentham's belief in the effectiveness of constant surveillance in maintaining social order and deterring criminal behavior. Economic Influences: Stigler's contribution to deterrence theory incorporates the economic structure of society into the . He highlighted how economic factors, such as wages and the expected costs of punishment, influence individuals' decisions to commit crimes. The social structure, in Stigler's view, includes economic incentives and disincentives that play a pivotal role in shaping behavior. 3. Responses to Crime: Beccaria's Perspective: According to Beccaria, the response to crime should align with the principles of deterrence (Harcourt, 2014). He emphasized three critical elements for effective deterrence: certainty, swiftness, and severity of punishment. Beccaria argued that punishment should be predictable, Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 4 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

administered promptly after committing a crime, and proportionate to the offence. His views laid the foundation for implementing deterrence in criminal justice policy. Jeremy Bentham Views: Jeremy Bentham, an influential utilitarian philosopher and legal theorist, expanded on the ideas of Utilitarianism and Social Utility: Bentham's utilitarian perspective emphasized the concept of social utility. He argued that the goal of criminal justice policies should be to maximize overall happiness and minimize societal pain. In this context, the deterrence of crime was seen as a means to achieve the greater good for society. Individual Rationality and the Panopticon: Bentham's focus on individual rationality influenced the design of the panoptic. The panoptic's constant surveillance was intended to create a psychological impact on individuals, making them believe they were always under observation. This design reflected Bentham's belief that individuals, driven by rational self-interest, would modify their behavior in response to the perceived threat of surveillance. Quantification of Pleasure and Pain: Bentham's quantitative approach to pleasure and pain, as expressed in the felicific calculus, contributed to understanding how responses to crime should be structured. The calculus suggested that punishments should be designed to deter criminal behavior by outweighing the potential pleasures associated with illegal acts. George J. Stigler criminal Perspectives Economic Analysis of Deterrence: Stigler's views on responses to crime involve an economic analysis. He suggested that changes in the expected costs and benefits of engaging in criminal behavior would impact individuals' choices. Therefore, responses to crime, according to Stigler, should involve manipulating these economic factors to create a deterrent effect. Policy Implications: Stigler's economic perspective on deterrence theory has implications for policy and practice. From a policy standpoint, responses to crime should consider the economic structures that influence criminal behavior. For example, policies that affect wages, the likelihood of apprehension, and the severity of punishment can be designed to shape individuals' rational calculations and deter criminal activities. Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 5 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

International Comparison of UK’s Drug Policy Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 6 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

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Critical Assessment of the Role of Deterrence Theory in the UK's Drug Policy and the War on Drugs 1. Effectiveness and Efficacy: Positive Perspective: Proponents argue that deterrence theory provides a rational basis for drug policy by emphasizing the threat of punishment. The idea is that strict enforcement and severe penalties should dissuade individuals from engaging in drug-related activities (Vitellone, 2021) . Critical Perspective: Critics question the effectiveness of deterrence in the context of drug offences, highlighting that addiction and socioeconomic factors often drive drug-related crimes. The deterrent effect may be limited for those facing complex challenges beyond the fear of punishment (UKDPC, 2012) . 2. Focus on Supply-Side vs. Demand-Side: Positive Perspective: Deterrence theory often aligns with a supply-side focus, targeting drug traffickers and distributors. The emphasis on swift and severe punishment for high-level drug offences aims to disrupt organized crime networks (Kirby and Jacobson, 2014) . Critical Perspective: Critics argue that deterrence theory tends to overlook the demand-side factors, such as addiction and social determinants, which contribute significantly to drug-related issues. A comprehensive 3. Overemphasis on Punishment: Positive Perspective: Deterrence theory justifies the punitive measures employed in drug policies, asserting that harsh penalties act as a deterrent. This approach aligns with the "War on Drugs" narrative, aiming to Critical Perspective: Critics contend that an overemphasis on punishment may exacerbate issues, leading to overcrowded prisons and disproportionately impacting marginalized communities. This punitive Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 7 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

4. Unintended Consequences: Positive Perspective: Deterrence theory assumes that individuals will make rational choices based on the fear of punishment. In some cases, this may deter potential offenders and contribute to declining drug- Critical Perspective: Critics point out unintended consequences, such as the creation of a lucrative black market and the displacement of drug-related activities to different regions. Harsh penalties may also deter 5. Public Health vs. Criminal Justice Approach: Positive Perspective: Deterrence theory aligns with a criminal justice approach, aiming to deter criminal behavior through punishment. This approach sends a strong message about the consequences of engaging in drug-related activities (Mcgallagly and Mckeganey, 2013). Critical Perspective: Critics argue for a shift towards a public health approach, emphasizing harm reduction, treatment, and prevention. They contend that treating drug abuse as a health issue rather than solely a criminal one may lead to more effective and compassionate outcomes (UKDPC, 2012) . 6. Need for Holistic Strategies: Positive Perspective: Deterrence theory contributes to a multifaceted drug policy by addressing the criminal aspect of drug-related activities (Seddon, 2011). Combining deterrence with prevention, treatment, and harm reduction measures creates a comprehensive strategy. Critical Perspective: Critics stress the importance of holistic strategies that recognize the limitations of deterrence alone. Emphasizing social and economic factors, education, and community-based interventions can enhance the overall effectiveness of drug policies(Homel, 2013). (Homel, 2013) . Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 8 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

Recommendations for Improvement Develop and implement drug policies grounded in robust evidence and research for greater efficacy. Integrate comprehensive treatment with punitive measures for a balanced and practical approach. Address underlying socioeconomic factors contributing to drug issues, emphasizing prevention. Foster community engagement in policy formation for a more inclusive and nuanced response Establish regular evaluations to adapt policies based on evolving needs and outcomes. Conclusion: In conclusion, the critical assessment of deterrence theory in the UK's drug policy reveals complexities and ethical considerations. As we move forward, there is a pressing need to embrace evidence-based, holistic strategies that prioritize community engagement and address socioeconomic factors. The future outlook calls for continuous evaluation and adaptation, ensuring drug policies align with evolving societal needs and a nuanced understanding of substance abuse as a health concern. Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 9 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

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References: Bentham, J. (2006) ‘The Panopticon Writings’, Informatik-Spektrum , 29(6), pp. 442 – 446. Available at: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19694.33605/1. Harcourt, B.E. (2014) ‘on the History of the Foundations of Modern Criminal Law’, (n 2). Homel, P. (2013) ‘Drugs, Crime and Public Health: The Political Economy of Drug Policy by Alex Stevens New York, USA: Routledge, 2011ISBN: 978-0-415-61067-4, 201 pp. Paperback. Price: A$65.00’, Drug and Alcohol Review , 32(2), pp. 226 – 227. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2012.00507.x. Kirby, A. and Jacobson, J. (2014) ‘Public attitudes to the sentencing of drug offences’, Criminology and Criminal Justice , 14(3), pp. 334 – 350. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895813494868. Mcgallagly, J. and Mckeganey, N. (2013) ‘Does robust drug enforcement lead to an increase in drug users coming forward for treatment?’, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy , 20(1), pp. 1 – 4. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2012.733980. Seddon, T. (2011) ‘Explaining drug policy: Towards an historical sociology of policy change.’, The International journal on drug policy , 22(6), pp. 415 – 419. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.06.002. Stigler, G.J. (1970) ‘The Optimum Enforcement of Laws’, Journal of Political Economy , 78(3), pp. 526 – 536. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1086/259646. UKDPC (2012) A fresh approach to drugs: final report . Available at: http://www.ukdpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/a-fresh-approach-to-drugs-the-final-report-of-the- uk-drug-policy-commission.pdf. Vitellone, N. (2021) ‘Sociology and the problem of description’, Qualitative Research , 21(3), pp. 394 – 408. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794120975974. Page 10 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346 Page 10 of 10 - AI Writing Submission Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2769564346

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