HLS 460 MOD 3 SLP
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Jan 9, 2024
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Homeland Security vs. Homeland Defense Adriana M. Moreno
Trident University International HLS 460 – Intelligence and Law Enforcement
Dr. Jack Armstrong
December 3, 2023
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Homeland Security vs. Homeland Defense Homeland Defense (HD) was created to secure the homeland from outside of the United States,
it does not operate from within the U.S. borders. For intelligence purposes, this allows for some
additional freedoms that on the opposite side, Homeland Security does not have. While working
within the U.S., intelligence gathering or operations, rules of engagement (ROE) and rules of the
use of force (RUF) have legal implications whereas overseas, the ROE and RUF are often times
vastly different from what is applicable stateside (Clements et al., 2018). Homeland Security
(HS) is focused on keeping the U.S. safe from within the U.S., it does not stretch beyond the
American border to other countries in its effort and scope of responsibilities of protecting the
U.S. As of now, there are 18 organizations within the Intelligence Community in the U.S.
Homeland Defense (HD) primarily supports the Office of the Director of National Intelligence
(ODNI), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), The Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the
National Security Agency (NSA), the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA), the
National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), and the intelligence elements within the five
Department of Defense (DoD) branches; the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force and Space
Force (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, n.d.). Homeland Security (HS) primarily
supports the Department of Energy’s Office of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence, the
Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis and U.S. Coast Guard
Intelligence, the Department of Justice’s Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug
Enforcement Administration’s Office of National Security Intelligence, the Department of State’s
Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the Department of the Treasury’s Office of Intelligence
and Analysis (Office of the Director of National Intelligence, n.d.).
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Major Differences One of the largest differences between HS and HD is that HD works primarily with DoD activity and is defined as “the protection of U.S. sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical defense infrastructure against external threats and aggression, or other threats as directed by the President” (Reese, 2013). Any intelligence gathered falling under the umbrella of HD would be gathered in conjunction with the DoD and its entities and would not be subject to the same laws as if it was gathered domestically. HS is a “combination of law enforcement, disaster, immigration, and terrorism issues” (Reese, 2013). HS encompasses so many non-intelligence committee related agencies domestically such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) which is directly responsible for Federal level emergency response within the U.S. and its territories. Therefore, the biggest differences with the two are the laws that are applicable when intelligence is involved, and the agencies with which each works with, one within the U.S. borders and one strictly outside of U.S. borders. Reform
The largest intelligence reform happened in 2004 with the signing of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act (IRTPA) of 2004 by former President George W. Bush. The IRTPA was created to “improve the collection of intelligence and the coordination of counterterrorism activity, while protecting sources and methods and respecting privacy and civil liberties” (Edelman et al., 2005). Between the creation and implementation of the IRTPA and the distinction between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense in and of itself, I believe that the bridge between the two will begin to close, and the different agencies also involved in intelligence gathering both domestically and abroad will be able to function more seamlessly in
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the future. With a focus on reform within the public in general, as well as with the new use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), eventually the divide will close due to the increase in connectivity and communication overall. I do however believe in the very poignant distinction between functions that are conducted here within the U.S. versus overseas and in other countries, I do think overall that government officials will find a way with the use of new technology such as AI
to move the nation forward in a more efficient way to protect the country.
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References Clements, M., Cooper, J., Brodel , R., & Newell , M. (2018, April 10). Homeland Defense
. Joint Chiefs of Staff. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/pubs/jp3_27.pdf Edelman, R. L., Lever, S., De Pue, J., Kaser, S., Manthripragada, R., Thornton, B. S., Celnicker, A., & Tobin, Y. (2005, July). Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
. Department of Justice . https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao/legacy/2006/02/14/usab5304.pdf Office of the Director of National Intelligence . (n.d.). ODNI Home
. Home. https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/members-of-the-ic Reese , S. (2013, January 8). Defining homeland security: Analysis and Congressional considerations
. Congressional Research Service . https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42462