EID 100 NOTES

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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100

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Information Systems

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Dec 6, 2023

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EID 100 NOTES Week 1 - Analyze Interoperability is the ability to transfer and render useful data and other info across systems, applications, or components. Conclusions: interop can be used in 4 ways 1. A framing device and organizing principle- high level theory 2. Description - guides our understanding of certain phenomenon 3. Effort to predict what the future holds 4. Normative device - one that should drive and form the decisions policy makers make - Close study of interop societies ought to do- involve cultural and societal factors Time and practicality axis - Draws seemingly unrelated events to uncover patterns - Description and predictor Interop - capacity - Like a process Situations made what they were Human stuff tends to be harder Easier for them to look at the technical side of things more quantifiable and sometimes wasn’t enough Why do we care (pros) - Leverage tools and networks we can do amazing things - Cloud computing, social media, smart cities - Social media accepted for good or bad - Smart cities - they are coming - google building harbourfront project. Amazon juggernaut, smart devices, Care because there are cons - Same things are what are cons as well - Two sided - Problems with privacy and security but pros outweigh them - Cloud doesn't always work - Flip sides of the same coin - Anything we do their will be pros and cons - The same infrastructure that let sus share store info is what the privacy deal with
- Getting something for free you are the thing being sold Different capacities for connection - Making systems work together - interop - Never found a single person that thought interop was anything but good How? - How do they study this? - Study different industries - All had common problems - 1, Defining a way to get to an optimal level of interop - 2. Dealing with the adverse effect - Businesses shared their was always problems Started with technical - easier to measure and quantify Assumed Companies with the most tech - will be the most successful - Their assumption wasn't true - Still very different - Different layer to this Data - Even when the tech and the data was the same they saw differences Human layer - This is what made them different - But event if they were all the same they still will different Institution - This is what made everything different even if they had the first layers all the same - Groups, businesses, governments - Four layers of complex systems How? - Diversity is the greatest strength interop can bring Gold corp - Canadian company that does mining - Used crowdsourcing - In trouble and had mines that were not producing gold - Take private info public and see what people do with it - If you sliced it a different way you can find gold - Become successful from this
Pros - Interop can dramatically reduce energy consumption because of creating a smart grid - Other benefits over time Cons - Liability - lockin - dominance - because they are dispersed and cannot be taken out at once - All share common failing - they all must communicate with each other - Can take them out by figuring out what connects them - Lock in- highly interconnected system can be locked in to the tech of a particular era - Lose functionality - makes it hard to change things - they will break - Leave it though and it can be vulnerable to attack - Struggle to keep up/ overwhelmed - Can understand and mitigate then you can see the benefits Implementation - Everything depends - no perfect rules or labels Functions in four broad layers of complex systems - Interop is not just about the flow of data or about technology; it involves essential questions of human and institutional interaction as well First layer - technological - Hardware and code in computing system - Basic sense means that the systems connect to one another Second layer - data - Paired with the tech layer - Receiving party must understand the data Third layer - human - More abstract than the tech and data layers - Humans on either side must understand each other - Common language Fourth layer - institutional - Important societal systems engage effectively - Highest and most abstract - Happend with multiple people
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Pros - Diversity - gold corp - crowdsourcing - Interop can reduce power usage bc it makes a smart grid - Created benefits Cons - Lock in - so big and interconnected and can lock in to a technology of a certain era - Lose functionality because it is hard to change without breaking issues/implementation - Everything depends on the context - Won’t all be the same - Can prepare for the uncertainty - Mix different approaches is the best way Week 2 - Access More systems create more interop So what? Nothing drives consumers crazier than tech systems that don't work together properly More likely to buy something if that thing can communicate with other things 26-27pg - Theme - we shouldn't change for the sake of machines, they should change for the sake of us Why? What? - We want to have a smooth experience - We want them to work together when we want to and not to work together when we want to - Is it fair? Is it right? - So what?
- Things can go to far - overshare - Data security - Making everything interop makes issues arise - Homogeneity- risk making them - All the same they suffer the same issues Pyramids with layers - Maslow's hierarchy - Institutions most complex PRTI - practical responses to theoretical ideas - A way to connect theory with real world applications - Digital skill - Identify a digital skill or innovation - What layers map to it? Four layers Four types of basic information systems 1. Emails 2. Mobile 3. Documents 4. Music Human archetypes -”digital citizens” - Corporate - Techie - Hipster - How does each archetype map to an institution? “Digital organization” - Particular institutions map to each type of archetypes - Do you identify with “your” institution? - Microsoft - corporate
- Google - techie - Apple - hipster - Map the labels together Vertical Integrations from one company all together Microsoft - Apple - music, app store Google - Gmail - youtube, Vertical integration - ^ Most people have a mix of companies products Horizontal interop - Outlook, gmail - Office, workspace - Windows media player, youtube, music - No very interop - Word– google docs - Want us to buy into their ecosystems to stay vertically integrated - Companies must agree to adopt common formats - Acceptable but not ideally Open source solutions - Not tied to any company - Info system apps work on multiple apps IBM - - Ai Do you use open source? - Gimp
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- Audacity - Pros - Cons How? - We still use multiple systems in general - Not everything is interop - Does interop sell? - - Sony - do things one way and also things other ways ● Polarized response to backwards compatibility - Cooperation with microsoft and nintendo - Whether it's just about business - - The interest of business and their customer are not always aligned 2 concerns/ behaviors 1. Companies concerns to defrate interop costs 2. Do they pass the costs onto the consumer - linkedin/ wordpress - more functionality is an extra charge Some may take on the costs themselves When we download a new app on our smart phone - these things are switching our information back and forth Fine print - can be simplified How? Rights issues - Interests are not always aligned - Unexpected issues can be worst of all - Data privacy - happen and hidden for months or years - Tracking purchases - amazon Reconciling these differences and finding a compromise - Choose best possible or least bad - Want interop to work together but not with to many costs
Chapter 1 - Clearest place to see basic truth os interop is at the data and tech level - Four info systems - emails, we write, edit, store documents, send and receive data and voice signals over mobile device, and we listen to music - Reason to run multiple different systems and maintain diversity - cost - Research in motion (RIM) - Invisible links the magic behind interop - Dutch company Layer - create augmented realities we can view through smartphones - This establishes another layer of the web that places virtual info on rel-space images 2 downsides fall into 2 general clusters - Problems with getting interop - Problems to which certain levels of interop can give rise - Extra cost for extra features - data roaming - - - Even using open source is difficulty because some systems wont allow for it - Second big issue is data privacy - Week 3 - Collaborate Overview Why might we care about the interoperability of systems? - Technology - Data - Human - Institutional Airport - Really care when traveling - Describe systems in airport as complex nearly defy expectations - So many systems in one department in the airports - Hardware and software - Multiple departments in an airport - Its multicomplictive
- All the systems work together - All integrate Airline routes - Languages/ countries/ multiple airports - All a systems of systems operating with systems - So many points of failure - Miracle when it works So what?/ However - We want it all tech, institutions, - We want them to do what they need but no further Why do systems need to change? - What dictates a system needing to change - Its faulty, unreliable, not working - Change is not necessary if streamlining is not critical - Shifting standards - Tired of living with - now want to change it as it has been so long - Must consider a lot of things - Costs more as a system is so complex - Easier to break it down and start from scratch - Crafting something must be consistent and dependable - When systems become intertwined - lock in of a part be good for the whole - What issues do old tech/data create? However - Need for flexibility can be seen through a close examination through the humans and institutional errors Institutional - Government actors - Rule based orgs - Human
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Don't look at it in a chronological order Tech - Tech to communicate - Size and complexity changes how we communicate Data - Need to share data abt something to coordinate something - Hard to Applying the model other other societies Apply the label to tech to less - Could have been our brains, ears etc. Interoperability first started a the human and institutional levels - Took form of shared rules - Had people before tools People Tools institutions Data How might you distinguish human from institutional? - Intuitive tools abt people - Rules make up a central element of what scholars + economists refer to as institutions - Hypocrisy - prof - They are different How are they not different? - Humans, institutions, people and/or persons - Companies can't vote but they can influence politics The corporation documentary - Theme is that corps make so much money doing the wrong things its worth the penalty doing the wrong things - How they evolved and came to become persons
- Say this typical average corp was a person and went to a therapist and was diagnosed what would it be and it would be a psychopath Distinction from a human layer allow for adaptability Human layer functions within the layer and institution - When they have shortcoming the people pick up the slack or can also take things down from within The problem the language - The crux of interoperability - Form of control - 1950s english language - way to colonize with “basic english” 800 words - English language fluency was airline - ICO - simplified english plain english is last resort in airline communication - ICO - united nations organization - DLC - Each field would add around 100 words specific to their field - News speak - 1984 - hard to complain Language is an institution , not how the authors say though - Language is more a by product of the human layer - Likely candidate because it has rules - lexical rules, semantic rules, tactics rules - Language proficiency is not just about words, – pronunciation, grammar matters - People need to be willing to work together - need incentives to cooperate - Is it the role of institutions to provide incentives to humans Why participate? What are your incentives? Do those change in a group? The process - Illustrate the effective group dynamics - Sketch comedy affair - graphic designer given a job to do a stop sign - Each person says something to add complexity to the task Are incentives enough? - Data breaches - Toxic work culture - current because it keeps happening - Incentives are often financial in work
Institutional - human (where they overlap) - Crowdsourcing - gold corp - Accessibility - UX (AODA/UDL) AODA compliance - Check website if it fits compliance - SWOT analysis - good for running a business That's fine for institutions but what about institutions? MBTI “introspective self-report questions” / 16 personalities medical diagnostic questionnaire How accurate are personality tests? - Why care - schools cared about them - Employers still love then and care about them DISC assessment - VIA institute - DISC seen as accurate - spectrum - Via - well regarded IBM/ Cognos - Disc assessment - Ryerson - Via - establishing context - You don't do them, you don't belong here? Plato - The unexamined life is not worth living - When we ignore the human element of interoperability we are setting the system up to fail Chapter 2
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- Biggest issue of interop at the human and institutional levels is lock-in - Systems can get locked in to a specific set of technologies and protocols that work well one day but become suboptimal over time. - When systems get highly integrated at the human and institutional level sin particular, is major concern about interop in the most complex systems - ATC - air traffic control responded to this need - Global positioning satellite systems could help meet this new and harder challenge of air traffic control - Hard to replace the highly standardized legacy technology to create the next generation ATC system - Lock in to a given system tends to occur when practices involved are deeply embedded in the human and institutional layers, as they are in the air traffic control example - Individuals, companies, and governments in hundreds of countries have come to reply on a series of rules, norms, technologies, and flows of data that reach a deep level of interoperability in the daily procedures of everyone involved in air traffic. - Language- one might break the problem down into semantic interoperability, syntactic interop, and lexical interop - Semantics - what is meant by a series of signals conveyed through the system - Syntactic - ensures that the receiver is able to interpret the data in the right way - Lexical - focus on what the conveyed message means - Drivers for high level of interop - global competitiveness, the desire for political power as a region, reduced barriers to trade, increased coordination within the region - They want to preserve local differences - diversity- and the innovation that comes from heterogeneity - Directive system - people agree to a broad directives that ust be translate into the local law of each state - Problems with directive approach - very time intensive, and the protection by design is variable. - The net effect is that the system is not uniform across europe - Business perspective - it comes with a cost - Problem is that government actors need to be able to work together to recognize citizens and orgs from other european states in order to render them services that previously were reserved for their own citizens
- The commission has sought to solve this problem though an initiative designed to encourage public admin across THE EU to work together so that citizens and businesses can get ino, provide documents, or obtain permission from the gov of other member states The European interop framework highlights three areas that public administrations need to address to be able to work together efficiently and effectively. 1. They are asked to align their existing business processes or even define new processes and to make sure that those process are well documented 2. Urged to clarify their org relationships though such instruments as memoranda of understanding, service level agreements, or multilateral agreements 3. The different government entities are asked to agree on a set of change management process to ensure accuracy, reliability, and continuity of services despite the rapidly changing environment The hardest problems arise in linking together entire business processes and workflows across otherwise uncoordinated people and orgs To create meaningful approach to interop means not only addressing the technological barriers to interop, but also overcoming human roadblock by educating, training, and assisting all team members to develop the culture, awareness, and skills needed to achieve and maintain interop TEST 1 Week 5 - Program Overview (Complexity) Risks - institutions concerned Risks - individuals concerned Complexity points - Logic - ● Seeking efficiency we humans tend to go too far leading to failure ● Finding overtime that water is not working we tend to try the opposite Two issues
1. System failure - EMP - used as a device to wipe out anything based on technology in movies - Carington event- Richard Caringtion - discovering solar flares- can trigger EMPs ● Can happen time to time but also in a large scale ● Related idea - when something happens it can cause other things ● 1859 - carrington event hit when there was little technology - fried them all - happened now a days would reset all technologies ● The interconnectedness of the systems - very susceptible to disruption ● Financial sector- so complex humans can bareilly understand it - Thing can be complex even when assuming it can be simple ● Tic tac toe - considered a solved game ● Turn things in on themselves - to win large game must win multiple smaller games ● Similar to a fractal - answer affects the next game/ answer Coogler ross model - pop psychology model - 5 stages of grief - Common held belief - anytime you experience grief you go through these phases - 1. Deny - 2. Anger - 3. Bargain - 4. depressed - 5. accept/ find peace System complexity and… - Effect on institutions ● Exclusion - existing independently ● Openness - open to one another (institutions) ● Issues - new problems, unexpected issues - Expect on humans - lack of accountability, reliability, information overload ( these add to ● Information overload - hard to make informed decisions PRTI How to manage information overload? ● Filter info? - customer reviews, consumer reports, ask around, make lists, set
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limits, trust the person Reliability ● Decreased reliability - the more complicated they are the less we can depend on them How to improve (human) reliability? ● How we manage the info about the computer ● How do you deal with info that is unreliable or a person that is unreliable person Accountability ● Lack of accountability the part is left in limbo ● No one wants to take responsibility for interop systems even if its their own How to ensure accountability? Open standards ● Just because we don't have a solution doesn't mean we don't have options ● Open standards approach - can mitigate the issue - collaboratively - Open standards not the same as open source - Get everyone to communicate with each other - Promise, mitigate, might (negative - not guaranteed) - Collaboratively, Complexity theory ● Authors Do not claim to have all the answers ● Provides important insights into what can be controlled and how complex systems can be designed so that interventions are possible and effective ● Both interesting and promising means to address issues ● Introduced leverage points - practical sense - Personal and human level - Understand the 12 different leverage points - Look at problems like its a system - Concepts were studies by Donella Meadows - harvard scientist - Revised approach before reaching current model System leverage points- video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6RFIc-hTDo Environmental Scientific
Business Relationship - professional or personal See things situations as a system you can identify 12 points to adjust Leverage points - Feedback loop, mechanism of delay, use buffers - regulation and of the flow of info - 12 places within a complex system - small shift can make a huge difference in the system 1999 - leverage points 1. Numbers 2. Buffers 3. Structure 4. Delays 5. Feedback loops 6. Flow of info 7. Rules 8. Self organization of structure 9. Goals 10.Paradigm 11.Transcending - flexibility of change Exploit leverage points - must understand system logic - Proposition logic - Introduction to propositional logical - Boolean logic and logic gates Building up logical diagrams - Diagramo - Draw.io - Diagrams. Net Overview - Systemic Efficiencies - EDI - relates to UPCs - How to measure efficiency - transaction cost. Transaction and comprehension - Idea of Change - open and flexible - in what circumstance is change most likely to happen
Flip side of systemic efficiency - is systemic complexity - lead to disastrous results Open standards Leverage points EDI - Electronic data interchange - Introduction of universal product - barcodes - must share items and - Lasers - store had system of laser built into a counter- scan packages - Process represented process of EDI UPC - Form of EDI - Barcodes are one element of EDI - Retailers receiving boxes of wide nt have to count the boxes and enter the numbers of inventory -takes time - Wasting less, making things more efficient and profitable Amazon - RFID - Physical location - RFID senses you left the store and price is deducted Efficiencies: time and motion studies, taylorism and scientific management Taylorism - goals is to make a process more efficient - Measure progress in utils - Utility - more utils means more efficiency - better or worse - Meaning relative to another measure Efficiency studies - Frederick taylor - Gilbreths - efficiency experts Efficiency ● Cost - most costs affected by interop are transaction costs ● Don't have to be monetary - can be time costs or other ● The most efficient process is for the system not necessarily the workers ● Self controversial More ideas on efficiencies - Motion studies ● Boston dynamics robots
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However, “complex systems are never optimally efficient” Why ● 1. Collect action - firms have motives and incentives that dont align - People within it have different agendas ● 2. comprehension - Hard to comprehend complex systems - Built programed and used by people - Impossible for humans to comprehend all the systems all at once - Pro and con Address complexity through change, “more spectrum than binary” ● Things that are imperfect could be worse ● Can perfect but can make better ● 1. Marginal improvement - change interop systems with gradual - Railroad widths - not trains fit on each set of rails ● 2. Radical change - Something serious happens or start fresh - No precedent then there is a reason to do something dramatic - EDI/UCP - radical change example - RFID/ QR - Nothing left to lose - Chapter 7 - Textbook Notes ● The greatest beneficiaries f interop are often business operations that use it to streamline their processes and manage costs ● Flip side of systemic efficiencies is systemic complexity, which can lead to disastrous results if not managed well ● Bar codes and EDI are examples of how greater interop can make a system substantially more efficient. ● In complex systems, the connection of previously unconnected parts can offer entirely new ways to improve the system ● Our argument is set in the frame of a basic term of economics: utility is a way of measuring whether one outcome if preferable to another ● Note that measures of utility can only say “better” or “worse” not “good” or “bad” ● In the most complex systems, only part of the total possible utility in the system can be captured ● In general utility os a social good; we want to capture more of it ● Interop, like transaction costs, is largely about what happens at the edges of a complex system
● We can classify the systemic improvements that interop makes in a multitudes of ways: according to which component of a given system they act on, what level of the system they work at, and so forth. ● The phenomenon of radical improvements has a great deal to do this with increasing levels of data generation and connection in society at large ● Line can be blurry between marginal and radical changes ● Standardization on QWERTY generates efficiency among computer users ● Network effects and compatibility a form of interop, combine in this case to reduce switching costs ● UPC- universal product code Chapter 8 - Textbook Notes ● What makes the world so complex, in part, is the vast web of invisible links that connect people and systems among and across cultures ● The high degree of interconnectedness brings social benefits - it makes possible economic growth and cultural exchange at a global systemic level - it can help drive innovation, competition, and creativity among firms and people within and across individual economies ● As a general matter, this interconnectedness emerges through bottom up market mechanisms, and occasionally via more forcible, top down measures such as government fiat ● Initial state of interop is a rough pattern and starts with separation ● Exclusion and openness ● Information overload, the reliability concern, and the potential lack of accountability are three examples of how highly interconnected systems can reach a degree of complexity that affects consumers negatively ● Interop also helps us understand the complexity of the global economy, how firms relate to one another, and how we as customers fit into that constantly changing picture Week 6 - “Publicize” Overview Competition and uniformity Issues with competition Microsoft - history - to illustrate an issue Idea of government intervention - for good or worse
How is competition a “good” thing? .... Or not? ● Reactions Tied to schools - fields of study ● Depends on the situation/ context ● What is the competitive culture like? effects on groups, individuals Three potential issues with competition ● Idea of anti competitive practices - working toward halting competition in aid of common interest ● Uniformity and lock in - homogeneity can be a problem Brief or briefer history? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmtPWvT1vp8 Microsoft and windows ● 1975-2001 ● Late 90s was n Suggest some competing standards Which “wins” and why? First, best, marketing, price, etc? ● Digital technologies relate to mass markets video formats ● DVD - toshiba hddvd vs sony disc ● Vhs won its generation ● Some swear its the first to market ● Competition and adoption Network effects, etc - Herd immunity - Wsj - First mover often - Hesitates said to be lost - People that leap are ahead of their time - Aspects persists is the network effects - More people using something makes it better Network effects explored
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- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLUzwT9tWxY - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5jcDlGn-tZA - Internal video from amazon event - Virtuous and vicious cycles - Amazon offer products and it itself is subject to network affects - Cult of cool - Killer apps - First movers - Network effects - Tipping network markets - Possibility of moving to soon can lead to failure - How do we know the market is about to tip from one standard to another - Possibility of sub optimal standardization - lock in - Entire market a matter of the incumbent or dominant player winning - Most rarely change unless necessary - Qwerty keyboards - lock in - overwhelming market share - Dates back to type writers - When people type quickly it would interfere so the keys were rearranged - Introduced in mid to late 70s - 1936 borack - streamline usability - Colemak - not widespread use - Balance out advancement with reliability - Problem if leads to homogeneity - Qwerty not necessarily optimal but good for the time being - Vhs - readily abandoned for dvd Where to set standards? - Things can be locked in at different layers - Technology can be same but different at data level - 1960 - apenham - internet - Exist at 2 different levels - internet and social media Which brings us to.. Why might the government intervene? Why should they?... or not? - Social media has been debated in canada - What amount of pressure or kind of pressure, moral interest, money
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Overview - privacy and security - What degree is optimal - access vs security - How much risk are you comfortable with - Lock down, cheat , or limit - Government intervention - Interop is not binary - Operates at mutliptle layers and different degrees - Interop system has more open access to new ideas - Problems - Interop has more points of open access to data - open to vulnerabilities and to public Its a bit like encouraging communication Does it automatically result in more kind truth or not - Suggest you are going to say more not abt what will be said - The more communication involved in that chain is more opportunity for problems and noise - How to fix this- - Honesty is a way of lashing out - Authors interop doesn't automatically make systems more secure - will we get more info, accurate, useful, etc - More communication can open up areas for other issues When would we not want interoperability? - Tech frying power surges - unplug all power - Interop Does not make systems any less secure - At what point is convenience worth the risk Remember “frictionlessness”? Are you sure you don’t want some resistance built in? - Keep it open but not too far in certain circumstances metadata for fuel..? - System should take into account the different systems of fuel - Something about the fuel can communicate the identity to the pump - The car can communicate its identity to the pump
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Less immediate concerts - Can friction protect privacy - Personal privacy - Edward snowden - leaked info from cia - Fled to russia A tale of two privacy violations - Company activity exposed - you are the product if its free - Don’t fix the problem - Buzz and google plus - Beacon - connect What we have learned since then? - Kiosks scan faces for demographic features Its basically a debate: + privacy/ security vs power/ control Or its it Is there a compromise Two ways to secure systems - Lock down - prevent access to technology to data and resources with a code or image scan etc - Issue - brute force or out smart the system - Cheating - allowing systems to use each other with not conditions but users wave control and rights to security and privacy - Host is absolved of protecting you - Both transfer burden of responsibility to the user Third way - refrain from designing systems to limit customers from feeling their privacy isn’t compromised - Create level playing field to work equitively - Enable interop - Constrain unwanted effects Why might government intervene? Should they or not
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- Implement a system you have to deal with the law in some way - Chapter 4 - Chapter 4 of "Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems" delves into the challenges faced in developing and maintaining interoperability in complex systems. - The chapter starts by highlighting the rapid advancement of technology and the increasing need for systems to seamlessly communicate with each other. Interoperability, which refers to the ability of different systems and components to work together, becomes paramount in such interconnected environments. - The author emphasizes the complexity of achieving interoperability, considering the variety of platforms, protocols, and standards that exist. Incompatibility issues arise due to differences in data formats, communication protocols, or even semantic discrepancies. These challenges hinder the smooth operation of interconnected systems and create a barrier to efficient information exchange. - The role of standards organizations is discussed, emphasizing their efforts in establishing common protocols and formats to facilitate interoperability. However, the chapter highlights that standards alone do not guarantee interoperability. The implementation and adherence to those standards across different systems pose an additional set of challenges. - Moreover, the chapter explores the risks associated with interconnecting systems. The interconnected nature of complex systems leaves room for vulnerabilities, which can be exploited for malicious purposes. Security concerns, such as data breaches and cyber-attacks, are magnified when systems interoperate. - To address these challenges, the chapter proposes the need for holistic
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approaches to interoperability. It suggests that interoperability should be considered at various stages of system development, from design to implementation and ongoing maintenance. Collaboration between different stakeholders, such as designers, engineers, and users, is crucial to ensure that interoperability is achieved effectively and efficiently. - Overall, Chapter 4 of "Interop: The Promise and Perils of Highly Interconnected Systems" emphasizes the importance of interoperability in complex systems while acknowledging the challenges and risks involved. It highlights the need for collaborative efforts, standardization, and holistic approaches to ensure the successful implementation and maintenance of interoperable systems. - Chapter 5 - Not always leading to more competition but anti competitive situations - Companies can work together - Net effect is not always max innovation - Firms may have an even stronger incentive to be innovative in circumstances where low levels of interop promise high profits to any company that beats all its competitors soundly - Interop can lead to the use of a single technology over a long period of time, which may have negative effects - Diversity can prevent lock-in - Policy challenge is to set the balance right so as to encourage that kinds of interop that drive competition - Policy also should disfavor those forms of interop that can lead to uniformity or to lock-in - Higher levels of interop make for more competition - Network effect occurs where the consumption benefit of a network g - ood is proportional to the total number of consumers who purchased that good - Essential to the health and continued growth of today's high tech markets - Network effects can have a big effect on the way consumers act - Can shape how users decide among non interoperable devices, software, and services - Can push markets toward a single technology standard as the value - and often
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the ubiquity of a particular product or service increases as more people use it - QWERTY is the de facto standard for the english keyboard layout - It emerged as a standard based on market forces in general and on network effects - Network effects help us understand why some technologies success where others fail Week 7 - create Chapter 3 Overview Consumer empowerment Interop tends to be taken for granted Exceptions - Audio is the last consideration Apple 30 pin connecter - always changing dongles/ cords EU MoU: micro -usb Golden rule - Set the standards of how to use smt Drm free music - Apple itunes Piracy has increased DRM - digital rights management - Control to combat piracy
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- Albums Encoded with DRM Some institutions don’t just think differently they are different Starbucks and apple - They are on the side of the human not the institution Acquisition - 5x vs retention 1x What can and has disrupted such monoliths? - Telecommunications - Cheaper to keep than get a new Rewarded for outspokenness The internet - 1960s Social media - 1979 Cloud computing 1990s Crowdsourcing 2006 Crowdfunding - 2006+ - Go fund me - Kickstarter Open source solutions - Multiplatform - Linux - Trillion and jabber - Since been bought - Directly and indirectly acquired by cisco - Integrating messaging into a single app - Creating new platforms unify different messaging apps - Creating a community to solve issues - When does it become an institution of its own
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- API - hook into an existing system to change What’s the difference? - Prosumerism - Production + consumerism - Book called future shock - wave theory - 1. Agricultural 2. Industrial 3. Informational - Ideas that would develop and democratize and become widespread - Tool to create new media - Controversial - Advances enabled people but other people said it was LCD Ucc - user created content - Social networks have vertical integration - Vertical integration to vertical interop Open source solutions - Makes apps cooperate better Proprietary → open - Very few institutions follow to openness - Need nudge from government Overview Innovation - chapter 6 Apis - enable creativity but not promoted by government body What can empower us to innovate, stimulate and harness creativity? - Creative software - Adobe industry standard - Gersick's “punctuated equilibrium” - Working toward deadlines
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- People who must do or works are left to their own devices - they do nothing - Plan then wait and then freak out by deadline - Mind maps - Coggle.it - Mindmup - Diagrams.net - Diagramo Mashup or shut up - Interop suggests webs services are mixed and mashed up to allow different innovation to occur Unity - game creation kit - Free to download - Can use till a certain threshold Godot - open source version Innovation - network effects - At a point you have to buy into it - Make safe moves - Stick with what they know even if its outdated Consumer who are reluctant to take leap from analogue tv to digital - Switched off analogue signal - Horizontal interop vs vertical integration - Government fostered innovation - Openness - open source or open decentralized internet Which “open” do we mean? - IP concerns
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- Creative commons (cc) addresses IP concerns The end of “create” but consumerism will return in “use” Chapter 3 - DRM had little effects on overall extent to which consumers turned illegal downloading in general to obtain music Chapter 6 - The highest level of interop does not always advance the goal of promoting innovation - Enterprise mashups illustrate another important and closely related phenomena. - Powerful ideas of horizontal innovation networks adds further heft to thisline of argument about interoperability and innovation - Horizontal innovation networks are networks in which firms and users form porous, ad hoc team to innovate Test 2 Week 8 Week 9- “Use” Chapter 9/10 Overview Getting to interop - Implementation - Concerns
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- Best level of interop is optimal interop - How? How do we know - proactivity/ flexibility - Private vs public sectors - Government Possible pros and cons Pros: - Driver of competition - Creator of more innovation - Consumer choice - Economic growth Cons - Security concerns - Privacy concerns - Complexity ate levels The process Step 1: set a target Step 2: Achieve it Simple right? Set a critical path and go! What about the (student) principle of triple constraint? - Critical path - break down a task into milestones - Triple constraint model - common business model , 3 options but only two can be met a given time - How might you address issues of triple constraint? - Costs to address it Implementation concerns - Know the issues,keep adjusting, blend and blend , keep adjusting - Make little changes toward the goal
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Remember the prosumer(ism)? Prosuming+ blending - Tech is getting so good that even average tools can be used for professional work - Blending approaches - Lead or follow in you approach - X axis - following / leading - Y axis - unilateral/ collaborative or distributed Balance network effects? Concerned with the concept of rules Circumvent these constraints Grace hopper - scientist with US military - Deal with the rules, adhere, ignore, comfort in - Easier to ask for forgiveness then permission Peripherals (165) - connect to a main computer - Mice - Cameras - Printers - External hard drives - Memory sticks EU MEMORANDUM Universal serial bus(165) - Intel - Compaq - Hewlett - packard - Lucent - Microsoft - NEC technologies - Philips Internet engineering task force (open standards ) vs Consortia (166)
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Vertical interaction and private interest ITF makes suggestions - Overlap with iot - VOlunteer org - Assist in standardizing communication systems - Internat WHAT ELSE can the state do? - Procurement and standards - Public - convenience stakeholders Not what but when Overview Legal interop + interop by design Legal + health care.. So what? - Overlap industries - Medical problems - highest costs poorest results - Fix these we could fix anything Tendency to resist change - Why is it so difficult to change - Complexity and enormity - Hard to balance benefits and drawbacks of interop - World intellectual property organization - Deal with national legislatures - Deal with data - Not associated with any company - Not a law enforcement - Over 100 years old - Copyright - Advise on issues Why WIPO? Because both can be true - Why does it exist
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- b/c two condition cant be true - order or chaos - Not all laws will be the same everywhere - Eases EUCD - European copyright directive - Create a single market for EU enabling or facilitating online access condition to thrive in digitally economy growth - Equal playing field for their member states - Implement processes Mean man - article 13 - Controversial - Difficult policing them they go after the hosts or distributors instead of the users - Redraw- that's fine - Recreate using a similar image - CASE copyright concerns in general case - EU more involved and informed - Favoring citizen rights ITU - international telecommunication union - Ensure global technology standardization - Security - Independent - Work involves public and private sectors OECD - organization for economic cooperation and development - Set privacy norms - Expression of common aspiration among member states What about canada? - Surveillance of phones is easier in canada - Bc based in canada - FIPA - freedom of information and protection of privacy act - Introduced in 70s - Re-introduced for usa patriot act - Used to obstruct terrorism act -
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Week 10 - “Secure” Overview Preservation of knowledge - part one Availability / Control What is your source for “Historical” info + artifacts… … aside from wikipedia + google search caching? Overview Preservation of knowledge - part 2 So what kind of rules? (+AODA practices?) So, whats going on now? ( Point to point vs Hub and Spoke
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