Sytems Theory Cheat Sheet
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SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
Systemic Week #3
1.
CONCEPT/TERM
DIRECT
QUOTATION (and
citation)
PARAPHRASE
OF THE
DIRECT
QUOTE IN THE
PREVIOUS
COLUMN
(and citation)
A creative
EXAMPLE from
your own mind
An EXPLANATION of how your example represents the
concept
System
Separate parts that work together to create a whole. The commonality
is that systems need all the parts to “function.” The parts can “function” independently (Glass, 2017)
Parts that work together to form a whole from separate parts. Systems are alike in that they require
all of their components to "function." The components can "work" independently (Glass, 2017)
A human body, an air conditioning system, a ship, a sports team, a traffic light, a computer are all systems
A family works to maintain their “normal” (or homeostasis which we will talk about later). Each member in a family system has a job or a role in helping that family function in the way that is normal to them. To see a person independently, we cannot understand their role in that family system without seeing or learning about the family context (Glass, 2017)
Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the family system’s state of being (Kim & Rose, 2014).
Homeostasis may not necessarily be stable or functional, it is simply how the system is maintained. Families may have
healthy and unhealthy patterns that they maintain to obtain some A family system may have harmful repressed trauma that never seems to
get addressed (Kim
& Rose, 2014).
Unhealthy patterns that they maintain to obtain some sense of stability in their perspective (Kim & Rose, 2014).
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
sense of stability in their perspective
(Kim & Rose, 2014).
Subsystem
Subsystems are parts of a
larger system that have their own dynamic but are still connected to the systems that contain them in a hierarchy (Glass, 2017).
Subsystems are parts of the larger system that have a “distinct dynamic, but are nonetheless connected in hierarchical arrangements with systems that contain them” (Minuchin, 1999, p. 12). A subsystem is a part
of a bigger system that still has its own dynamic but is connected to the systems below it in
a hierarchy (Glass,
2017).
Families in which grandparents are primary caregivers to their grandchildren.
These different subsystems “should have” specific rules to guide healthier family interactions. When available or possible, subsystems should be both independent and dependent. Grandparents may have different views and concepts used while raising their grandchildren (Glass, 2017).
Open System
An open system interacts
with systems around it and is influenced by systems around it.
An open family system can build on elements of the systems Together, healthy families imagine about the future they want to establish. They discuss both individual family members' plans A family can incorporate lessons
learned from their pastor to help influence their system (Glass, 2017). An open family system can build on elements of the systems around them and are open to these systems and applying advice, lessons and teaching from their pastor (Glass, 2017).
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
around them and are open to these systems (Glass, 2017).
and the family's overall plans. They
plan out how they will accomplish their objectives and embrace the future with open arms (Glass, 2017).
Closed System
A closed system strives for stability. People do not exchange ideas, passions, or dreams since
there is no information flow. Therefore, no new concepts are introduced into the system to maintain it alive and well. (Glass, 2017).
A closed system is a system that is not interacting or engaging with external systems (Day, 2007). The functioning of
a closed family system is not influenced by external systems
It is like living in a
house with all the windows and doors
boarded up. Inside, it is oppressive, because the family culture does not encourage the normal changes that take place as children age and develop into the individuals they are
meant to be, people
cannot flourish; they can only survive (Glass, 2017).
A closed system fails because change is unavoidable. A family that refuses to accept it will ultimately break apart (Glass, 2017).
First Order Change
A minor adjustment or quick alteration that usually lasts only a short while and has little impact on the bigger system's operation (Chae, 2017). First order First-order modification takes place at the behavioral level without affecting the system's working A child is being tested and the child
does not understand something and has a tantrum and throws a toy in the This alteration takes place right then and there, but when the youngster gets home, the anxiousness returns. Although there was a change, it did not ultimately result in anything substantial or long-lasting. Most importantly, the systemic equilibrium did not change permanently. When in a crisis, it can be crucial to switch up the first order of therapy because stabilization is crucial at such time (Glass, 2017).
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SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
change often concentrates on the current situation rather than considering long-
term effects (Davey et al., 2012).
principles. These alterations are viewed as being less long-lasting and superficial.
room and is yelling
at the one administering the skills test. Techniques are employed so that the child can calm down and continue with the testing.
Second Order Change
Second order change is a
restructuring of the system and its patterns of interaction (Chae, 2017).
Second-order change includes modifications to the system's rules as well as changes in behavior, or "violations," of those rules.
Each time Se and Rae argue, Se cracks a joke or does a ridiculous dance. Se has broken the rule of hostility (at least momentarily) and changed this usual negative dynamic of fighting by engaging Rae in a somewhat ludicrous and surprising way. Their conflict is itself interrupted by
the animosity that drives it.
Second order change shifts homeostasis so that the family finds a “new” homeostasis. Second order change is more permanent and requires a system change. Continuous Change
You will approach change with a bias for steady, continuous improvement and development if you practice incremental Continuous change
entails gradual changes. The concept that changes happens gradually over I use this method with my Probationers when trying to quit smoking marijuana. The Incremental change refers to a minor adjustment made to achieve
a desired outcome
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
change. Your preferred approach is to innovate with what already exists rather than constantly coming up with brand-
new concepts or making bold, sweeping changes (Ford & Lerner, 1992).
time in smaller, more subtle changes is also known as incremental change (Ford & Lerner, 1992).
teen will cut down the amount smoked
daily and once achieved to 1x per day we then move onto removing one day out of the week
until the teen is no longer smoking.
Discontinuous Change
Discontinuous change refers to an abrupt shift that reorganizes all the procedures and jobs (Glass, 2017). Is a significant shift that takes place quickly enough to cause the status quo to abruptly end (Glass, 2017).
Can be implemented by a business to replace outdated management techniques.
Discontinuous change is a sudden, more pronounced change. In a
homeostatic system, discontinuous change can add an interesting dynamic because the change is inevitable, and homeostasis typically restructures to some degree after the system gets over the shock (Glass, 2017)
Linear Causality
When one thing causes another thing, that is known as linear causality
Put simply, it occurs when A results in B (Glass, 2017)
One aspect causing
another is known as linear causality. It is, in a nutshell, when A results in B (Glass, 2017).
My dog died now I am depressed, and I don’t want to go to school. The perception of issues and solutions by an individual is frequently influenced by linear causality. An individual perspective makes the following assumptions: a) problems are created and maintained by individuals changing their beliefs, emotions, biology, or other abnormal or unhelpful factors within them, or their responses to these factors; and b) solutions are created and maintained by individuals changing their beliefs, emotions, biology, or other abnormal or unhelpful factors within them (Glass, 2017).
Circular Causality
Circular problem interpretation results in the following pattern: The circle/dynamic is still in motion as A impacts B and B influences A Glass, 2017).
The following pattern results from a circular perception of issues: The dynamic/circle continues as A impacts B, and B I don’t want to go to school because my dog dies and now I feel depressed. My parents yell because they don’t understand.
A systemic perspective on issues and solutions is made possible by the adoption of circular causality. The systemic perspective operates under the presumptions that a) issues are generated and maintained in the system by unfavorable relational dynamics and
continuous interactions, and b) solutions are generated and maintained by system members altering their interactions, communication, and reactions to one another (Glass, 2017).
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
influences A.
Whole is greater than sum of its parts(nonsummativity) Can be used in a variety of ways. The total is equal to the sum of its components in mathematics, neither more nor less. According
to psychological Gestalt theory, the whole is greater or different than the sum of its parts. Comparing the component components alone to the "part-whole"
relationship is useless. According to experts in organizational theory, this idea captures the synergy that results from
people cooperating on a task as a team (
Upton, &, Ferraro 2014).
Could mean many different things. The total of its parts, as defined by mathematics, equals the whole. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, according to the psychological Gestalt theory. Comparing the "part-whole" relationship to merely adding up the individual components is useless. According
to organizational experts, this principle captures the synergy that occurs when people collaborate on a task as a team(Upton, &, Ferraro 2014).
“If you have a car and all the parts are
on the lawn, there is not much to it. You might even be able to put together the carburetor and get it functioning; however, without putting it with the rest of the “car system” it does not do you much good (Glass, 2017).”
It also makes little sense if you observe someone without their system.
Combining it defines each component's role and how it contributes to the "whole." When a person is removed from the system, the entire picture changes drastically. Nonsummativity is
the idea that there is a working system that is a complete "whole," and that interactions between two members of that system or one person's behavior do not account for the whole. As
a result, the entire family structure and the context of the whole must be part of the change (Glass, 2017).
Chae, K. B. (2017). Second-order change. In J. Carlson & S. B. Dermer (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of Marriage, Family, and Couples Counseling (1461-1462). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Davey, M. P., Davey, A., Tubbs, C., Savla, J., & Anderson, S. (2012). Second order change and evidence-based practice. Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 72-90. doi 10.1111/j/1467-6427.2010.00499.x
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SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
Day, S. X. (2007). Theory and design in counseling and psychotherapy. Belmont, CA: Wadesworth Publishing.
Ford, D. H., & Lerner, R. M. (1992). Developmental systems theory: An integrative approach. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
Glass, V. (2017). Building blocks to conceptualizing family: A family system’s perspective. In D. Adamson & Y. Watters (Eds.), chapter 4,
An introduction to MFT: Systems theory and foundational models.
San Diego, CA: Northcentral University
.
Minuchin, S. (1999). Retelling, reimagining, and re-searching: a continuing conversation. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy. 1999, 25(1), 9-14
Upton, J. J. &, Ferraro N. (2014). The whole is more than the sum of its parts: Aristotle, metaphysical. J Craniofac Surg. 2014 Jan;25(1):59-63. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000000369. PMID: 24406559.
Systemic Week #4 CONCEPT/TERM
DIRECT
QUOTATION
(and citation)
PARAPHRASE OF THE
DIRECT QUOTE IN THE
PREVIOUS COLUMN
(and citation)
A creative
EXAMPLE from
your own mind
An EXPLANATION of how
your example represents
the concept
Equifinality
Many possible variables could lead to one specific result. (Fraser, 2018)
There are several different ways/outcomes/passages
that end with the same answer/result (Fraser, 2018).
It's like walking
in a corn maze with several routes to the same exit, you take a different
path each time
you enter it but
leave from the same exit It emphasizes that the same end state may be achieved via many different paths or trajectories (Fraser, 2018).
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
(Fraser, 2018).
Double Bind
An intense message that has contradictory content. It is a difficult situation within a family systems context where there is a request or statement that has two meanings and there is not a way the person receiving the meaning can get out of the situation (Glass,
2017).
It’s a double imperative. In other words, a statement that commands that conflict each other. For many an uneasy feeling that gives
a sense of inconsistencies.
(Glass, 2017)
You must go to
sleep
If you try to hard to fall asleep it is typically warranted that you make
it harder for yourself to fall asleep therefore making it a double bind.
Cybernetics
“The observed ability of systems to steer themselves and
the process by which systems self-regulate (Hanson, 1995).
The way the system keeps correcting itself to maintain normality. Meaning it will go through different stages until it returns s to homeostasis (Glass, 2017).
Our heater corrects itself and turns on every time the temperature in
the house drops below the assigned temperature. So 75 degrees is the normal and any changes weather temp rises or falls the system will regulate itself until it reaches the desired outcome of homeostasis.
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
Therefor maintaining its homeostasis (Glass, 2017).
Cybernetics of Cybernetics
Is a way of thinking of correspondence
and development that recognizes the recursive idea of connections and relational impact (Atkinson & Heath, 1990).
Is a perspective of correspondence and improvement that perceives the recursive thought of associations and social effect (Atkinson & Heath, 1990).
An example would be when
the Probation Officer may feel anger toward the reactions of a mother and despite her personal work on this outside of the room; this puts
the Probation Officer (PO) on a side against the mother, unintentionally
. As a result, the family homeostasis shifts because of the PO’s reactions and responses.
The idea of cybernetics of
cybernetics also takes.
into account the power of
the therapeutic relationship.
Positive Feedback Loops
Not qualified as Change is occurring After having The body allows the
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SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
good and it focuses on if the system changes because of the feedback. positive feedback leads to some kind of change (Hanson, 1995).
throughout the system.
four natural births, during labor and delivery, the chemical oxytocin instigates my labor. As the number and power of contractions, the more oxytocin is delivered. This peculiarity ends when the once I gave birth.
correct amount of hormones to be released to make a women go int labor until the baby is born. Negative Feedback Loops
Not qualified as bad and it focuses on if the system changes because of the feedback. Negative feedback is when whatever happens does not lead to any change in the system Negative feedback is the point at which whatever happens doesn't lead
to any adjustment of the framework (Hanson, 1995).
Something I recently learned about a person’s blood pressure is the fact that at the point when the pulse
increments, veins feel the opposition of the bloodstream against their Meaning that the activation of corrective negative feedback loops plays an important role in
bringing back a person’s blood pressure to normal.
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
(Hanson, 1995).
walls. In this way, they convey messages to the mind. Thus, the cerebrum conveys messages to the heart and veins. Thus, veins enlarge. This way, the pulse diminishes, and circulatory
strain drops to its generally expected range.
Suprasystem/Contextual
Connections
A suprasystem, usually referred
to as a supersystem, is a system made up of other systems. It is a bigger system that incorporates or encompasses smaller
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
systems. These are referred to as minor or subsystem systems.
Hierarchy
How the family system organizes itself into these subsystems and
the ways in which power and control are distributed and organized between parents and their children is referred to as the family hierarchy (Hyatt-Burkhart,
2017).
A family is more than an assortment of related individuals who live respectively; it is maybe best perceived as a mind-boggling, entwined framework. Every family framework arranges itself into more modest subsystems to carry out fundamental roles, keep up with security, and meet the formative requirements of its individuals. Some of the time these subsystems are coordinated by age or by comparable qualities (Hyatt-Burkhart,
2017).
To aid with the care of their younger siblings, single parents may rely on their elder children. As a result, the
older child might be able to participate in the parental subsystem.
When the parental subsystem oversees the kids, the family system is
healthy. This indicates that parents can offer their kids the right instructions, and the kids follow those instructions. Families can have a wide range of compositions, thus it's critical to take the context of the family into account when evaluating how well a hierarchy functions within it.
Boundaries
Rules are placed and boundaries are formed. Open and closed values applied to boundaries. Boundaries are the restrictions or guidelines that apply to a family member's involvement in
or access to certain subsystems. The establishment and The parents are in charge of the children.
Effective hierarchies are produced in families with distinct boundaries, where the parental subsystem is more dominant or "above" the child subsystem. Having
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Open boundaries allow for the free exchange of information between the system and the outside world and open system shares information from the goings
on in the system and is willing to be influences by others outside of the system to
change things within the system. Closed systems do not allow for this exchange or influence by other systems (Glass, 2017). maintenance of the power structure in a family depends heavily on boundaries.
clear boundaries also means that the parents don't share some information with their kids and keep adult or parental information on their own systems. Although each person can retain their own identity, the system only needs to maintain emotional connections with one another.
Atkinson, B. J., & Heath, A. W. (1990). Further thoughts on second-order family therapy: This time it’s personal.
Family Process, 29
, 145–155.
Glass, V. (2017). Building blocks to conceptualizing family: A family system’s perspective. In D. Adamson & Y. Watters (Eds.), chapter 4,
An introduction to MFT: Systems theory and foundational models.
San Diego, CA: Northcentral University
.
SYSTEMS THEORY CHEAT SHEET
Fraser, J. S. (2018). Unifying effective psychotherapies: Tracing the process of change. New, York: NY: American Psychological Association.
Hanson, B. G. (1995). General systems theory beginning with wholes. New York: Taylor & Francis. Jackson, D. (Ed.). (1968a). Communication, family and marriage (Human communication, volume 1). Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books.
Hyatt-Burkhart, D. (Ed.) (2017). . (Vols. 1-4). SAGE Publications, Inc, https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483369532