Choosing to Resist
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Building and Power by Thomas A. MARKUS
9. So observation, experience, the texts, and the drawings produced knowledge of form, function, and space. In everyday life, these cohere seamlessly but for analysis of meaning it is useful to consider them as separate discourses. Od he three, form and sae are permanent (unless material changes occur). The function is not – it is the social practices of use ‘inscribed; into the building
10. TEXT: Architecture Drawings and Writing. The Subject (-ivity): The spatial setting of groups, workplaces, and communities in which both kinds of relation are discovered is concrete. The buildings are more than passive containers for relations. Like all practices, they are formative, as much through the things that happen in them, their functional program, as their spatial relationships and their form. My position then is that I pay the utmost respect to material history and the social relations it creates. And in particular to bodies in building space. Without that history nothing makes sense. 11. There is a huge body of materials available for analyses of form…little of it has been used for social interpretation and yet even historians for whom architecture has been an autonomous art form have recently acknowledge that its meaning have reside in society 11. Frankl (1914) form gas three components. First spatial composition – the geometry of spaces…the second, he analyses mass and surfaces… he might have called this concrete material which forms space ‘physiognomy’ but prefers ‘corporeality’. Third, he considers the effects of light, colour, and other optical phenomena, creating changing images with every view point that coalesce in the mind into a single sensation.
12. forms as metaphors: signifier and signified. But though semiotics may provide insights, it fails to explain how choices are made
Space Syntax
13. Space; Hillier and Hanson (1984) space syntax method presents spatial structures by the standard method of graphs – all of which can be quantified, and which between them describe, and make possible the analysis of, the entire spatial configuration around and inside a building. Underlying, such techniques are a few basic assumptions. First, that the space around buildings and within them is a continuous, structured entity that allows strangers to move around but only to admit into building two categories of people – ‘ inhabitants’ and ‘visitors’. The former have an investment of power and are the controllers, the latter enter or stay as subjects of the system – the controlled. Perhaps space syntax can be used to understand the organization of space, people, and things. Limited use and its use shouldn’t be conclusive but to aid. I think also it is helpful to understand what is it specifically you are analyzing with space syntax otherwise the clarity of these drawings wont be clear and intentional. 16. The relation between spatial structure and function is loose. Power
23. In the design and use of buildings, power can be evenly distributed, or concentrated so as to create great symmetries…inside the monastery church the roles of its members was signified by spatial location and by differences in the amount of space allocated, in the elaboration of furnishings, in seeing and being seen by others.
23. Because of the inevitable link between resources ad power, and their highly asymmetrical distribution, to build means to create asymmetries..measure tge degree of equity un the distribution of resources and power. 23. We have looked at those things about buildings that make power concrete, It is the same things that express, give room for, sustain, deny, or produce bond relations. Images can symbolize them. Functions can be based on open-ended, easy-to-redefine briefs and rules that accommodate changing roles and activities as the spirit moves. Spaces can be so linked that communication is free and frequent, making possible dense encounters between classes, groups, and individuals. 25. So in reality buildings always have double meanings in making concrete both power and bonds. 28. Give history a formative role, we will then fund ‘in here’ the sources of the relation between form and function. Buildings and knowledge:
172. To avoid such ambiguity, the catalog is given a privileged position, not shelved inside under the appropriate class. The books it refers to cover the totality of knowledge…its creation and control define the power of the professional librarian. It is central intellectually, spatially, and formally. 185. When the Romans attached collections of art treasures the word began to have modern connotations of wealth, victory, ancestry, status, and worship. Framing Places by Kim Dovey:
Relationship between Architecture and Power
1.
The ambiguities of framing reflect those of the nexus between place and practices of power…this does not mean that built form is inherently oppressive. However, it does suggest that places are necessarily programmed and designed in accord with certain interests – primarily the pursuit of amenities, profit, status, and political power. 2.
It is the multiplicitous nature of the mediations of power in place that makes this pluralism necessary. There are three primary intellectual paradigms that I shall draw upon: spatial syntax analysis, discourse analysis, and phenomenology. 3.
The aim is to show that the practices of power are mediated in built form are multi-
dimensional, they cannot be simply addressed as forms of representation, lifeworld ex[experiences or spatial structure; rather places are constructed experienced, and understood within the tensions between these paradigms. Empowerment
9. When we say that someone is empowered, we mean their capacity to act is increased. Empowerment is linked with autonomy and freedom… Power over others is largely driven by the desire to harness the capacities of others to one’s empowerment These two forms of power, as a capacity and relationship are reciprocal. Yet, power as capacity is both the source and the end of this relationship…Oppression and liberation are the two sides of the same power coin. 11. The built environment frames everyday life by offering certain spaces for programmed action while closing other possibilities… one of these is manipulation – a form of coercion that operates primarily by keeping the subject ignorant, the exercise of power is made invisible to its subject and the possibility of resistance is thereby removed. The subject is framed in a situation that may resemble free choice, but there is a concealment of intent. The organization of time and space to mediate social interaction, particularly the visibility and invisibility of others, becomes crucial to effective practices of coercion. 11. Seduction is a practice that manipulates the interests and desires of the subject…” shaping their perceptions, cognitions, and preferences in such a way that they accept their role in the existing order of things, either because they can see or imagine no alternatives to it.
12. Authority is a form of power over…is marked by the absence of argument…, unquestioned recognition and compliance…Yet authority rests upon a base of legitimation…one of the means by which might is transformed into right; inefficient exercise of force is transformed into unquestioned authority. 12. Rituals, ceremonies, and symbolic displays are often a means by which state authority is reproduced under the cover of diplomacy. 12. The most problematic buildings and urban designs are often a complex mix of seduction, authority, and coercion. And the exercise of power can move swiftly from one form to another, thereby masking itself.
13. As Foucault argues, power is tolerable only on the condition that it masks a substantial part of itself. Its success os proportional to its ability to hide its won mechanism. Program
17. Gidden’s theory of structuration is based on a differentiation between agency and structure. Structure both enables and constrains the forms of agency that are possible…from this view architecture can be considered as a form of structure, and the social action it frames as a form of agency. Yet Giddens’ notion of structure should not be considered as physical; language is also a form of structure, and speech is a form of agency….without structure, we cannot speak. 19. Such power is not something held by agents; rather it constructs subjects. Power operates through social and spatial practices and is embedded in institutions. It is called disciplinary power because it operates through regimes of normalization and eradication of deviance. The most important of the spatial micro-practices whereby disciplinary power transforms human beings into subjects is the ‘gaze’, a practice of disciplinary control through asymmetrical visibility. 20. Foucault argues that such bodily discipline structured through space/time organization has spread from the early institutions to become a dominant feature of industrial capitalism. It included the partitioning of space according to rank, class, and grade along with temporal regulation of ritual, routine, and marching in time.
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21. Spatial syntax: understand the multiple ways in which buildings both empower and disempower. Genotypes are institutionally and epistemologically embedded (eg. shops, factories, and schools). This is the sense in which Hillier and Hanson suggest that genotypes embody a social logic of space.
26. My aim in using spatial analysis diagrams is to build some bridges between the different forms of analysis which infor this book – spatial programming, representation and lived experience. The syntax diagrams are useful not only because they reveal a deeper structural program, but also because of the manner in which they structure representational regimes and construct experiences of place.
27. The spatial di-vision of our world becomes a ‘vision’ of our world. The buildings we inhabit, our habitat, our spatial habits, all reproduce our social world. Syntactic analysis opens up questions – what kinds of agency are enabled and constrained by the particular building genotypes within which it is structured?
28. Control over building program and formal imagery. 29. The work of roland barthes on the semiotic construction of mythology remains most useful for readings of architecture and urban form; relationship between signifier and signified. 42. There is a need to theorize the persistent appearance of the pyramid form, variations of which appear in the Eiffel Tower, Washington Monument, Australian Parliament House …clearly the pyramid does not have a consistent meaning for pharaoh, slave, tourist, citizen, and consumer. Yet, it would appear to have a potent and persistent capacity as a grounding of various forms of power. 44. The key problem is that the focus on the lifeworld can involve a certain blindness to the pronounced effects of social structure and ideology o such everyday experience. 45. The work of Henri Lefebvre couples a concern for the social constructions of spatial ideology with the importance of lived experience. For Lefebvre the concept of space defines traditional categories – it is at once a means of production and a commodity; both a social product and a means of social reproduction and control, Thus places are both engines of weak and forms of wealth; we make places and are made by them.
46. He criticizes phenomenology for a limited focus, constrained within the immediacy of the lived. Yet he wants to reconcile the lived and the everyday with the lesson not only of Marx, but also of Nierzcge and Barthes. The Social Order of Space:
3. When space does feature in architectural criticism, it is usually at the level of the surfaces that define the space, rather than in terms of the space itself; when it is about space, it is usually at the level of the individual space rather than at the level of the system of spatial relations that constitute the building or settlement.
9. In fact, they characteristically proceed by separating out the problem in two ways: they separate out the problem of meaning from the intrinsic material nature of the artifact, that is, they treat it as an ordinary artefact rather than as a building; and they separate out a human subject from an
environmental object and identify the problem as one of understanding a relation betweenhuman beings and their built environment.
13. This method of representation had an immediate advantage over the plan: it made the syntax of the plan (its system of spatial relations) very clear, so that comparisons could be made with other buildings according to the degree that it possessed the properties of symmetry and asymmetry, distributedness and nondistributedness. 16. Second, there seemed to be certain consistencies in the way in which the dimensions of the syntax model related to social factors.
17. convex organisation creates more static zones, in which inhabitants are therefore potentially more in control of the interface.
Capturing Spatiotemporality in space syntax
42. Through the genotype, the phenotype has transtemporal links with his ancestors and descendents as well as transpatial links with other contemporaneous organisms of the same kind.
43. (Non-) Distributedness and (A)ymetrical
44. x(y),(x,yx, x) LOL
Participate in Opportunities
Las Vegas in Singapore
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Analyze Plans
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Oral Analysis
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Historical (Genealogy) Analysis. Mapping Urbanities by Dovey
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Mapping as a way to document, understand, and analyze through a certain lens. Social Justice and the City by David Harvey
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Movement of people, goods, and services (14)
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- All social practices and processes are spatial. -
We must recognize that once a particular spatial form is created it tends to institutioanlise and, in some respect, determine future development of social processes (27)
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Sensory and Semiotics. -
(158) I cannot exist without occupying space; I cannot work without occupying a location and making use of material objects located there; and I cannot live without a dwelling of some sort. It is impossible to do without some quantity of these commodities and this places string constraints upon consumer choice with respect to them.
Transect Ideas:
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New Urbanism: Best Practice Guide. Spacemate by Meta Berghauser Pont
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Duany
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The tool also enables choice and equity in how and where individuals live. -
transect code ensures fruitful relationships and adjacencies, from the local to regional scale
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Transect As Solution
The transect is a simple method for producing descriptive data on landforms and urban and natural environments. It has recently been used as part of ‘New Urbanist’ approach to surveying the urban. It also has a place in ‘psychogeographical’ accounts of the city. Many of us transect the city daily by foot, tram, rail, car and our understanding of the city is derived significantly from this daily ‘slice’ we take through the city. Students were asked to create a transect of Melbourne by selecting a tram line, and sketching one building at a number of tram stops along the line, while also analysing their context in the wider urban environment to determine how the environment, and our perception of the environment, changes along the tram line.
Every movement (such as walking) is linear. Therefore, the linear observation of the context corresponds ideally to human perception. For this reason, the exploration and design of complex spatial problems along a transect is very well suitable... •
to structure complexity, •
to explain multi-functionality, •
to clarify interdependences and interactions, •
to create spatial systems and social patterns, •
to show insights instead of top views... ...by linear walking, thinking and composing. -
seeks to map and narrate the relational, the dynamic, and the atmospheric qualities of sites.
Further Readings:
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Lisa Diedrich, Gini Lee, Ellen Braae (2014): The Transect as a Method for Mapping and Narrating Water Landscapes: Humboldt’s Open Works and Transareal Travelling. Available under: https://www.nanocrit.com/issues/issue6/transect-method-
mapping-narrating-water-landscapes-humboldts-open-works-transareal-travelling •
Peter Hemmersam, Andrew Morrison (2016): Place mapping transect walks in Arctic urban landscapes. In: Saskia de Wit, Lisa Diedrich (Eds. 2016): Landscape Metropolis #2. Capturing particularities in the metropolitan landscape. SPOOL - Journal of Architecture and the Built Environment VOLUME 3, pg. 23-36 •
Brian Falk, Andrés Duany (Eds. 2020): Transect Urbanism: Readings in Human Ecology. •
CATS (Center of Applied Transect Studies), https://transect.org/ •
Henrik Schultz, Hubertus von Dressler, Lea Nikolaus (2022): Green Fingers for Climate-Resilient Cities –
Connecting Processes of Landscape Planning and Designing with Co-Creation. In: Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 7: Iss. 1, Article 21. Available under: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1378&context=fab
os Massey and Denton’s notion of evenness: this calculates the distribution of minority residents across an urban area relative to that of another (usually the majority) group. Expressed as a figure between 0 and 100, where 0 indicates perfect integration and 100 complete segregation
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Checklist:
1.
Political
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How are political resources distributed in the area?
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Who are the stakeholders involved? What are their dynamics and relationships?
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Are community interests and organizations inclusive? •
Do political power play out differently through space?
2.
Economic
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Are there equal opportunities for work? What about the types of work?
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Is access to quality work equally abundant? Are they equally accessible? •
Is there equal consumption of goods, services, and amenities? Are spaces of consumption inclusive?
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Are societal risk and cost equally distributed throughout? If not, who bears these dangers? How are these dangers suppressive?
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Are there equal opportunities for the growth of enterprises? Where do these enterprises operate?
3.
Social
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Are the different cultures well represented in the area?
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Do the spaces allow for equal exercise of culture?
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Do people of different backgrounds remain tolerant of diverse cultural practices? If not, how are certain cultures suppressed?
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Do social processes exist equally? Do spaces allow for exercise? Or are they suppressed or made exclusionary?
4.
Cultural
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Are the different cultures well represented in the area?
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Do the spaces allow for equal exercise of culture?
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Do people of different backgrounds remain tolerant of diverse cultural practices? If not, how are certain cultures suppressed?
5.
Technological
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Is there equal investment in technology in spaces? (E.g. Environmental Science)
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Are human capital and innovation climate well distributed?
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Are spaces for the fostering of technology and innovation well distributed?
6.
Welfare
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Do individuals have equal exercise of autonomy and freedom?
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Are choices made voluntarily or involuntarily?
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Are welfare produced and distributed by public or private organizations?
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Are there equal investment in functioning for diverse social groups?
7.
Urban
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Are places becoming more gentrified? How are the spaces and social practices transformed as a result? How do they affect people and forms of inequality?
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How are the streets used? By whom? Are there equal power dynamics at play in these streets? Are the streets well maintained and used? Is there equal capacity to use these streets? (Vehicle vs Pedestrian)
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Do the streets encourage diverse uses for diverse users? Do they encourage encounter and mobility for various groups?
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How is the migration of various demographic groups received spatially? Are they equally distributed and received?
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Are there signs of a spatially exclusionary pattern? How are they formulated? (Centralized?)
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How is the market? Or are the shops vacant? Are there signs of the flow of capital and investment?
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8.
Others
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Is there monopolization of opportunities?
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Is there equal access to education and health? And are there equal capabilities to consume these opportunities?
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Are there any forms of discrimination exercised and reflected through space?
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Are policing practices equally exercised?
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Are forms of surveillance equally exercised and justly mediated in space?
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How are life outcomes different through space?
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How are the spaces terrorized? Are there any boundaries? How do they shape power play and power dynamics? How do they shape perceived power?
Looking at Cities by Allan Jacobs
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