eBUSINESS TCA.edited

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eBUSINESS TCA QUESTION 1 a. BUSINESS MODEL AND DIGITAL DISRUPTION . The business model implies the plan an organization adopts to create services or products and identify the target customer base, revenue streams, and financing of the business. The concept focuses on four main dimensions, including value proposition, customer identification, revenue sources, and cost structure (Kopp, 2023) . The value proposition describes the type of service or product offered and the target customers, while delivery entails the mode in which the products will reach the customers. In addition, revenue streams and cost structure, categorized under value capture, detail how the business will benefit from the products through effective delivery mechanisms. Ideally, a business model takes into consideration every aspect of an organization, including its strengths and weaknesses, target market, type of product or services, and pricing, among others. On the other hand, Digital disruption implies the changes that occur in digital technologies impacting the existing business model. Digital disruptions lead to significant changes in the value of the products or services offered, delivery, and customer perceptions. As such, the concept covers multiple domains, including technological innovation, customer expectations, data utilization, and the value of the business to customers (Mărăcine et al., 2020) . Notably, organizations are required to review and modify their business model to align it with the changes caused by digital disruption to remain consistent and competitive in the market. One notable example of a business model that has been disrupted through technology and the internet is the newspaper industry. Notably, newspapers were and still are crucial in the conveyance of information to a larger population through publications on various topics, people, and events. In addition, newspapers serve as a crucial platform for advertisements and promotions. Newspapers provide a wide range of information regarding various issues such as politics, business, health, education, sports, and entertainment to target diverse customers. Traditionally, newspapers were an effective way of communicating to a larger and more diverse audience. The companies generated revenue through newspaper sales, publications, and advertisements. However, digital transformation and technological innovation have been immense and significantly challenging the traditional business models for the newspaper industry. Through digital technologies, customers can conveniently access content online, interact with, advertise, and promote businesses using their gadgets such as mobile phones and computers. Undeniably, the digital transition impacted the traditional newspaper business model, leading to a significant decline in print circulation and advertising (Karimi & Walter, 2015) . As such, the disruption interfered with the revenue generation of the newspaper companies, prompting them to reevaluate and embrace the changes to remain competitive. b. ‘Value added'. For the above example business module, critically evaluate how the digital disruption has added value for the customer.

Value added is the upgrade of a product or service by a company to enhance its value. The practice involves improving quality through new features or modifications to attract more customers. Notably, increasing customer attraction for particular products or services boosts the company's revenue and profits. The digital disruption in the newspaper industry model has added significant value for the customer compared to the traditional model of relying on printed newspapers. The disruption has increased convenience and affordability because digital platforms provide instant content and services to customers at a reasonable price. Ideally, customers only need a device such as a phone or computer and access to the internet to access vast information from a wide range of online platforms. The traditional newspaper model provided selected information, and customers were required to purchase newspapers on a daily basis to access new information, which is more costly and inconvenient. In addition, digital transformations can provide customized offers with features such as videos and audio for diverse audience s (Piepponen et al., 2022) . Besides, digital transformations provide global access and connection, unlike the traditional newspaper model that was limited to a particular location. Undeniably, the digital disruption in the newspaper industry is more suitable and acceptable in the modern world, requiring print media companies to integrate it into the traditional model to remain competitive (Karimi & Walter, 2015) . However, digital disruption comes with challenges regarding issues such as data privacy, cyberbullying, copyrights, and compensation for content creators. As such, companies must adopt effective strategies to counteract the challenges, enhance customer satisfaction, and remain competitive in the market. QUESTION 2 Identify an appropriate new business initiative and, using an appropriate theoretical framework, critically evaluate the potential barriers to change for an organization implementing this initiative. Suggest and justify what actions can be taken to reduce the resistance to change. A business initiative involves internal campaigns by a company focusing on achieving a particular goal or vision. The aims of developing a business initiative could be to address particular challenges in the work environment, improve the quality of products or services, or improve particular policies. Notably, developing and implementing a business initiative is a systematic process requiring effective resource allocation, defined timeframes, and expected outcomes to guide team members. An example of a new business initiative adopted by several companies is the Hybrid model. The hybrid model initiative implies creating flexible working schedules for employees, such as mixing in-office and remote work. Employers let the workers choose when and where to work remotely or set specific days for in-office work. As such, employees achieve a better work-life balance and more autonomy, enhancing their productivity due to reduced risks of burnout (Krajčík et al., 2023) . Top companies such as Microsoft Corporation, Spotify, and Ford are leading in embracing the hybrid model with considerable improvements in employee satisfaction and productivity. Kotter's theory of change provides an 8-step framework for evaluating barriers to implementing a new business initiative. The model guides organizations in overcoming barriers to new business initiatives by preparing employees to adopt and implement new changes (Pollack & Pollack, 2014) .

Notably, adopting the hybrid work model is likely to face resistance from employees and leaders accustomed to traditional work models. As such, they may need to understand the vision for change due to ineffective communication by the management. The hybrid Work model disrupts the organizational culture and policies, prompting some employees and leaders to resist the change (Krajčík et al., 2023) . Besides, adopting the initiative may not have an instant impact on organizational performance, affecting the employee’s motivation to achieve particular targets. Ideally, the primary barrier toward a hybrid work environment is the unwillingness of some members to embrace the changes by learning new skills and transitioning from the traditional workplace models. Kotter's theory provides a guideline for organizations adopting the hybrid model in addressing the resistance to change. First and foremost, organizations must create urgency and develop a powerful coalition to communicate the urgency of implementing the initiative (Pollack & Pollack, 2014) . The emphasis should be on the effective communication of the vision and benefits of the hybrid model, including tackling the prevalent employee burnout and increasing autonomy among employees. For example, the Microsoft corporation, among other companies, accelerated the implementation of the hybrid model during the COVID-19 pandemic as a way of curbing the spread of the virus, reducing employee burnout, and enhancing innovation among its employees (Krajčík et al., 2023) . Besides, organizations adapting to hybrid models should create short-term wins to build momentum and motivate employees to be more positive about the change for long- term success. Lastly, organizations should anchor the changes in corporate culture and enhance employees' skills and competencies through training and mentorship programs. However, the hybrid model may not work for every company, particularly those that require physical involvement of human power at the workplace. The model is well suited for tasks that require more computer usage, such as in the Information, Communication, and Technology Industry. 15 b) Using industry examples, critically evaluate the potential possibilities for Virtualization of the Supply Chain. Virtualization of the supply chain involves the use of electronic links and technologies to represent the supply chain network. Notably, a digital supply chain provides real-time holistic information about supply chain activities, performance, and requirements to facilitate decision- making. The possibilities of Virtualization of the supply chain depend on the resources and capabilities of a company and the value it impacts on the organization. VSC enhances the visibility of the company's operations, enabling real-time monitoring (Smith & Dhillon, 2018) . For example, global companies in the Automotive industry, such as Tesla, apply Virtualization to monitor and manage the supply chain globally, ensuring high efficiency in meeting customer demands. In addition, VSC improves collaboration and communication among stakeholders, allowing timely responses to issues and efficiency in service delivery. For example, fashion companies such as Nike use Virtualization for collaborative designs and production planning globally. Effective communication and collaboration with stakeholders allow the company to address customer needs effectively and remain competitive in the global market. Similarly, companies can optimize inventory management and improve the accuracy of demand forecasting to reduce expenses and stockouts. As such, the companies are able to adapt to market

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changes and mitigate potential risks. For example, Tech Companies such as Apple utilize Virtualization to understand market changes and consumer behavior and develop products that suit customer preferences. Undeniably, the Virtualization of the supply chain works well for big companies in various sectors due to adequate resources and capabilities (Matsuda et al., 2019) . Besides, rapid technological advancements play a significant role for companies in virtualizing their supply chains. Using examples, explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Critically evaluate how these services can help an organization become more efficient and effective. IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are cloud models used to serve the specific requirements of an organization. IaaS is an abbreviation for Infrastructure as a Service, providing virtualized computer resources using the internet. For IaaS, users can rent virtual machines, network, and store, have control over the infrastructure, and pay for the products they consume. For example, Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers several IaaS solutions, such as EC2, allowing users to host applications, process data, and run web servers, among other computational tasks. On the other hand, PaaS stands for Platform as a Service, a model that offers a wide range of tools and services, allowing users to create, run, and manage applications with minimal infrastructural challenges. The Platform allows automated deployment with integrated tools such as databases and development frameworks for efficient application development. For example, Google App Engine allows users to develop, run, and manage applications without managing the model infrastructure. Lastly, SaaS refers to Software as a Service, and it offers software applications through web browsers without managing or maintaining the system infrastructure. The model is accessible through any device with an internet connection but on subscription terms with ready- to-use systems and automated responses (Mohammed & Zeebaree, 2021) . For example, Google Workspace offers SaaS tools such as Drive, Google Docs, and Gmail, providing ready services to users without worrying about infrastructure and software maintenance. IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS play a significant role in improving an organization's efficiency and effectiveness. The tools can be used to Optimize resources by allowing organizations to manage their resources in dynamic business environments and meet customer demands. For example, IaaS is crucial for retail organizations to scale up server instances for efficient online shopping during high-traffic seasons. Undeniably, the practice minimizes wastage of resources during low- traffic periods and optimal performance during high demands. In addition, the tools handle infrastructural challenges and simplify development complexities, allowing organizations to focus on capabilities and cost-saving practices for high performance. For example, financial organizations can leverage SaaS for software maintenance and management of underlying infrastructure while focusing on financial services. Furthermore, the cloud models enhance collaboration and productivity through centralized, accessible, and affordable tools. For example, SaaS tools such as Google Workspace allow team members to analyze documents from different locations and provide real-time feedback. As such, there is effective communication, which is essential for productivity, especially for organizations with multiple branches in different markets (Mohammed & Zeebaree, 2021) . Lastly, organizations can realize accelerated development with the PaaS tool as it provides automated development

frameworks and integrated tools, easing the burden of managing servers and runtime environments. Using examples, explain when an organization would use an intranet rather than an extranet. Critically evaluate the challenges associated with using extranets. An intranet is an organization-based network that allows collaboration, communication, and innovation among employees to enhance the organizational culture. On the other hand, an extranet is a controlled private network allowing authorized stakeholders to access particular aspects of the internal network (Blink, 2022) . Notably, organizations should use the intranet for internal team collaboration and confidential information-sharing sessions. For example, team members can share their contributions towards critical projects, keep records, and monitor the progress within the organization. Besides, departments such as Human Resources can share sensitive information regarding employees, such as salaries and performance scores within the organization. In addition, organizations would use the intranet for centralization of intellectual property and internal process automation. For example, organizations may use the intranet to provide employees within the organization access to the company's policies or training materials (Blink, 2022) . Besides, automation of internal processes allows employees to make internal requests such as leave requests and IT support in their departments. Several challenges are associated with using extranets for an organization. First and foremost, the network exposes an organization to security threats through unauthorized data access and breaches by external parties. As such, organizations with a weak security system for their data are likely to encounter challenges affecting their operations and reputation. In addition, there could be compatibility issues as a result of several entities with different technologies and systems using the same extranet. As such, there is the likelihood of delays in providing feedback due to data integration challenges. Besides, extranets involve incorporating diverse legal systems and policies to ensure compliance, limiting some organizations from utilizing them exhaustively (Blink, 2022) . Notably, adhering to strict regulations and requirements may lead to legal consequences that may impact an organization's brand image. Explain what accessibility issues need to be considered when designing web services for multiple users. Focus on TWO (2) issues and critically evaluate how they influence the design process. Designing web services for multiple users takes into consideration user experience and inclusivity for diverse users. As such, several accessibility issues are considered, including but not limited to keyboard navigation, text alternatives, readable fonts, focus indicators, and user feedback. Screen Reader Compatibility and Keyboard navigation are two essential elements of an effective web platform for diverse users. Screen Reader Compatibility is a feature that allows users with visual impairments to use the platforms effectively through screen reader software. Prioritization of this feature allows organizations to make their content reach a wider audience and ensure compliance with web accessibility laws and regulations. Companies can utilize tools such as EqualWeb accessibility enhancement tools, which provide a wide range of features for proper document structures and alternative texts for images (Ng, 2017) . Proper document

structures can be achieved through semantic HTML elements such as landmarks, lists, and headings to enhance the logical flow of the content. In addition, providing meaningful alternative texts for images allows users with visual impairments to understand the message conveyed by the images. Besides, maintaining a consistent layout with clear landmarks allows users to rely on the screen readers to understand and predict the Platform's structure for quick navigation. On the other hand, Keyboard navigation involves designing a website that allows users to navigate the website using only the keyboard. The feature is essential for users who cannot effectively use a mouse or those with motor disabilities. Users can effectively use keyboard commands for interactive activities such as searching, opening links, and selecting without necessarily using a mouse. Besides, Keyboard navigation should have clear and visible focus indicators to avoid disorientation of the selected items or texts. Notably, there should be a logical tab order to allow users to navigate the platforms easily with minimal confusion and errors. Lastly, designers should ensure the website’s layout and interactive elements can be understood in different designs and sizes across various devices (Ng, 2017) . After the successful development of the web, rigorous testing and documentation of the keyboard functions and procedures should be done to guide new users in interacting with the Platform. Discuss the differences and similarities between the ethical standards for personal use and corporate use when using the internet. Ethical standards in using the internet imply acceptable conduct online by individuals or a group. Individuals and corporations are expected to maintain high ethical standards to enhance integrity, fairness, and accountability (Werber, 2016) . The ethical standards for personal use only affect individual and immediate connections. Individuals are impacted directly by their engagements on the internet, such as their opinions on social media. As such, individuals are held accountable for their own mistakes and face the consequences without the involvement of other parties. However, corporate use impacts all the stakeholders, including clients, employees, and owners. For example, a company's social media account or website represents the brand requiring upholding of high ethical standards such as professionalism to enhance positive public perception. As such, misuse of a corporate account has a direct implication on the company's brand image, and the whole company is held accountable for misuse offense even if it was a single individual within the organization who executed the offense (Metsiou, 2023). Besides, personal use involves handling personal data and information, for example, sharing personal information on social media, which could be accurate or false. On the other hand, corporate use involves handling company information, such as client information and financial reports, requiring a high level of professionalism to safeguard the organization's integrity. However, high concern about privacy and transparency is exhibited in the two scenarios. Both individuals and corporations may decide what to share on the internet and remain cautious about protecting the shared data and information. Besides, individuals feel comfortable when platforms provide clear communications about privacy settings. Similarly, companies must exhibit transparency in the information shared or supported on the internet, ensuring the stakeholders implement the data handling policies. Both parties value respect and integrity while interacting with other entities or individuals to minimize cases of cyberbullying or damage to brand image

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(Metsiou, 2023) . Lastly, individuals and corporations are expected to comply with particular laws and regulations while using the Internet to avoid legal consequences.

eBUSINESS TCA.edited

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