M.Bettendorf CJ120 Mod.2 Assignment Presentation
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Southern New Hampshire University *
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120
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History
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Apr 3, 2024
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pptx
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The History of Chinese Immigration to the United States
Madisyn Bettendorf
CJ-120: Paul Higgins
July 3, 2023
Cultural Stereotype
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Every culture or ethnic group has a stereotype assigned to them by another. Chinese-Americans are no different. Chinese-Americans have had a history of being stigmatized as unwelcome foreigners and a risk to the nation of the United States (Miller, 2012). They are viewed as outcasts who are not "White" enough to be accepted and fully respected, and other ethnic communities are unwilling to embrace them. Particularly in 1966, when the media portrayed African-Americans as failures and Chinese-Americans as "the model minority“. Due to this public view, Chinese-Americans may never feel truly accepted by any other ethnic community, other than their own (Miller, 2012).
Decision Making: Part 1
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Due to the Chinese Exclusion act of 1882, any Chinese travelers had to provide a certificate of what their business was in the states (Miller, 2012). The immigration officials would check those certificates. If a Chinese individual fit the official’s preconceived notion of what a “Model Chinese” looked like, they would treat them with more dignity (Miller, 2012). This is wrong from immigration officials because they should be treating everyone with the same dignity. No matter how someone looks nor their citizenship status, should be a factor.
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Decision Making: Part 2
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In the 1980s, there was an influx in imports and exports to Japan (Miller, 2012). Many of those imports were car parts therefore auto plants needed less workers in their factories. In 1982, this caused two white men to be laid off at a car plant in Detroit, MI. They blamed getting fired on Japan. Then they saw Vincent Chin, a Chinese-American, and beat him to death and blamed him for them getting laid off (Miller, 2012). They murdered him because of their racism in assuming all Japanese and Chinese people look alike. The punishment for these men, due to the victim being a Chinese-American, was probation and a $3000 fine (Miller, 2012). This is a wrongdoing by the court system. Those 2 men murdered someone and because the victim was of color, they got off easily. Due to the court system’s failure, Vincent Chin was victimized twice. Once in being beaten to death and then by the court system failing to put those men behind bars.
History
In the mid-1800s there was an increase in Chinese immigrants to the U.S.. When the immigrants would arrive, they would want to start work as soon as possible. This made them take decreased wages and work longer hours and forced many young, single Chinese women into prostitution (Mullen et al., 2017). Either to provide for themselves or under the force of Tong, a Chinese-American gang. Tong, prostitution, and other violence allowed Americans to prove that Chinese-Americans were bad news and should be excluded and deported (Miller, 2012). Due to Americans seeing Chinese immigrants in a negative light, in 1882, the Chinese Expulsion Act was passed and strictly enforced (Mullen et al., 2017). This act banned Chinese immigrant workers from entering the west side of the country for 10 years, unless they had the proper certification (Mullen et al., 2017). The Rocksprings Massacre of 1885 is one of the lowest points in the history of Chinese immigrants. White miners who desired to start a union blamed the issues they were having on their Chinese associates. On September 2, 1885, 150 white miners attacked a group of Chinese employees murdering at least 28 Chinese-American workers, causing at least 15 injuries, and the forced departure of numerous other Chinese-American individuals and families from the area (Mullen et al., 2017). In 1898 there was a sign of hope for this community. Wong Kim Ark versus the U.S., allowed for Asian-Americans who were born in the states to be seen as citizens (Miller, 2012). Nothing else eased up for Chinese immigrants until The Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965. This act allowed for a new wave of Chinese immigrants to enter the states and those Chinese-Americans began building Chinatowns all throughout the states that are still standing today (Mullen et al.,2017).
History: Connections
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The biggest part of the history that reinforced the cultural stereotypes and bias, is how the Chinese-American gang, Tong, would regularly commit violence and prostitute women. This showed Americans that all the bad they heard about Chinese immigrants was true. Unfortunately, these biases and stereotypes were also reinforced by the police (Miller, 2012). Policing would ensure to be prevalent in Chinatowns and police would stop Chinese-Americans aggressively. They would then blame the violence on, Tong.
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Communication
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Many Asian immigrants refuse to go to the police unless it something “serious” (Euch, 2012). They refuse because in their native countries they could have experienced difficult trauma with the police. Making it so, they do not feel safe enough to communicate with officers. This creates a stereotype on their part. They believe all police are the same as the ones they have interacted with. Which can hurt their community because crime will continue to be overlooked.
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If a police officer cannot understand a Chinese-American when pulling them over, danger could strike. If the Chinese-American speaks little to no English when the police officer asks for their license and registration the civilian will be confused and may begin to get out of the car. Which causes the police officer to panic, because the officer does not know if the civilian has a weapon or will attack them because no communication is able to take place. The officer may have bad experience with a person of color getting out their car and attacking. This creates a stereotype in the officer’s mind, that says “all people of color who get out of their car at a traffic stop, are going to attack”.
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On both sides stereotypes or bias can happen. Police officers and police agencies should have a Community Liaison (Euch, 2012) who is able to speak, or at least understand the second dominate language spoken in their area. This way, community members can feel safer, since the person they report crime to, understands them and does not look like a police officer. Police officers can have peace knowing the liaison will be able to provide them with resources for overcoming the language barrier with the community they serve.
References:
Euch, C. (2012, March). Oakland Chinatown Organizes to Fight Crime
. KQED Public Media. https://web.archive.org/web/20190522215005/https://www.kqed.org/a/kqednews/RN201203080633/b
Miller, W. R. (Ed.) (2012). . (Vols. 1-5). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218427
Mullen, M., Onion, A., Sullivan, M., & Zapata, C. (2017, May 25). History of San Francisco’s Chinatown
. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/san-francisco-chinatown