Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography: Influence of African Kingdoms on the Greco-Roman Empires Tracey Evans Tollie Banker HIS 301: World History and Culture March 23, 2024

Thesis: The influence of African Kingdoms on the Greco-Roman Empires had a great impact throughout ancient times as a consequence of cultural exchange and trade since it resulted in the cooperation of beliefs that led to art, religion, architecture, and the means to build connections with one another. Topic Introduction: African kingdoms had significant interactions with the Greco- Roman empires through trade, political alliances and cultural exchanges. These exchanges were made possible by Africa's connection to the Mediterranean area. Gaspard Pagès explains that “Iron became a widespread material used in all aspects of Gallic and Roman life–household activities, arts and crafts, weapon-making, construction and all forms of architecture.” 1 The rich heritage and cultural contributions of African kingdoms played a significant role in shaping the Greco-Roman empires, influencing their art, architecture, and societal norms. In addition to trade, African kingdoms and the Greco-Roman empires also engaged in diplomatic and military interactions. Some African kingdoms, such as Egypt and Numidia, formed alliances with the empires in Egypt, Numidia and Carthage and caused consequences. I will focus on the cultures of Egypt, Numidia, and Carthage as well as historical people. These people are Cleopatra VII and Hannibal Barca. Wilkinson mentions that “Hannibal’s army was a core of African troops. These were best troops available to a Punic commander and came from the Phoenician and Libyan cities in the vicinity of Carthage. They fought as heavy infantry, armed with a spear, shield, helmet and a linen cuirass”. 2 According to Huang “Cleopatra was an influential figure who managed to secure the strongest relationship 1 Gaspard Pagès et al., “Vice-Versa: The Iron Trade in the Western Roman Empire between Gaul and the Mediterranean,” PLOS ONE 17 , no. 5 (May 17, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268209 . 2 C. W. Wilkinson and Erika Hermanowicz, “Uncanny Hannibal: Hannibal as a Roman-like Figure during the Second Punic War,” Uncanny Hannibal: Hannibal as a Roman-like Figure during the Second Punic War (dissertation, n.d.), 11.

between a Ptolemy and a Roman leader. However, the strategic concerns of Rome destined the doom of herself and her empire.” 3 She “had the power to captivate two of the most powerful men in ancient history”. 4 Burca used elephants so “that the beasts could turn against the Romans.” 5 Bibliography 3 Shuoheng Huang, Cleopatra’s Autonomy as Ruler of Ptolemy Egypt and the Examination of the Roman Influence Over Egypt, n.d. 4 “Cleopatra’s Perfume That Lured Julius Caesar, Mark Antony Recreated.” Siasat Daily, [Hyderabad, India], May 19, 2022. 5 Battle elephants: the Carthaginians knew how to use them, the Romans did not.”. ContentEngine Noticias Financieras (English) , Oct. 2, 2023.

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Huang, Shuoheng. Cleopatra’s Autonomy as Ruler of Ptolemy Egypt and the Examination of the Roman Influence Over Egypt , n.d. This is a secondary source that will investigate Cleopatra's level of control as the Ptolemy ruler throughout her transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire, as well as how she moved across empires like Egypt. Pagès, Gaspard, Philippe Dillmann, Enrique Vega, Marion Berranger, Sylvain Bauvais, Luc Long, and Philippe Fluzin. “Vice-Versa: The Iron Trade in the Western Roman Empire between Gaul and the Mediterranean.” PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 17, 2022). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268209 . This secondary source explains the description of the Roman Empire's fast expansion, which occurred as iron production and consumption rose rapidly over northwestern Europe. I plan to use this journal to describe the trade and various goods that were developed throughout Europe. "Cleopatra's perfume that lured Julius Caesar, Mark Antony recreated." Siasat Daily [Hyderabad, India], May 19, 2022, NA. Gale OneFile: News https://link-gale- com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A704227496/STND? u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=dc3878ed . This primary source of a news article describes Cleopatra’s infatuation for men and her ultimate influence toward Egypt. This is more research I will use during my final project. "Battle elephants: the Carthaginians knew how to use them, the Romans did not." ContentEngine Noticias Financieras [English], October 2, 2023, NA. Gale OneFile: News https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A767653059/STND? u=nhc_main&sid=ebsco&xid=aef9edfc .

This primary source describes Hannibal’s desire to gain control of the western Mediterranean. This will provide more research in Burca’s involvement in the Punic Wars and the effect he had on countries. Wilkinson, C. W., and Erika Hermanowicz. “Uncanny Hannibal: Hannibal as a Roman-like Figure during the Second Punic War.” Uncanny Hannibal: Hannibal as a Roman-like Figure during the Second Punic War , n.d. According to this dissertation by a student named Liby, Hannibal develops an uncomfortably Roman personality that challenges Roman exceptionalism and puts into doubt Roman authority to dominate Mediterranean land. I will utilize this secondary source to examine Hannibal Burca's role in Carthage's Second Punic War.

Annotated Bibliography

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