Final Exam Review

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Miami Dade College, Miami *

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2020

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History

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Apr 3, 2024

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Final Exam Review 1. What were methods used to disenfranchise African Americans in the Reconstruction South? Disenfranchisement was a series of laws, new constitutions, and practices used in the South during Reconstruction to prevent African Americans from registering to vote and voting. Following are some of the methods used to do so:  Poll taxes : Most of the freedmen didn’t have enough money to spend on voting taxes, and had to choose between putting food on the table and voting.  Literacy tests : The freedmen didn’t receive education while they were enslaved, thus most of them were illiterate and wouldn’t pass the literacy tests necessary to vote.  White only primaries : Only whites were allowed to participate in the primary voting, therefore diminishing the effect on the minorities’ vote.  Felony laws : Many policemen would arrest African American for an (allegedly) small felony. This would incapacitate felons from voting. The first state to abolish this law did so in 1996, and the last in 2008.  Property requirements : The vast majority of the freedmen didn’t possess any properties; thus, a property requirement to vote would be an impeditive to most of them.  The Grandfather Clause : you could not vote unless your grandfather had voted, an impossibility for most people whose ancestors were slaves.  Domestic terrorism : White people would terrorize the lives of African Americans to prevent them from voting. They committed crimes such as burning the houses of the freedmen. 2. What were Jim Crow laws? What did they intend to accomplish? Jim Crow laws were a collection of state and local statutes created by white southerners to enforce racial segregation. They were meant to marginalize African Americans by denying them the right to vote, hold jobs, get an education, or other opportunities.  Those who attempted to defy Jim Crow laws often faced arrest, fines, jail sentences, violence, and death.

 The Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case legalized racial segregation across the country, after the Supreme Court ruled that it wasn’t unconstitutional as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality  “Separate but equal.” 3. What were the Pacific Railway and Homestead Acts? How did they facilitate western expansion? The Pacific Railway Act was a law that offered government incentives to assist “men of talent, men of character, men who are willing to invest” in developing the nation’s first transcontinental rail line.  The legislation provided government bonds to help fund the work, in addition to vast land grants.  It was pivotal in helping settlers move west more quickly, as well as move their farm products, and later cattle and mining deposits, back east. The Homestead Act was a legislation that allowed any head of household, or individual over the age of twenty-one—including unmarried women—to receive a parcel of 160 acres for only a nominal filing fee.  It encouraged migration to the west by providing “free soil.” 4. What was the Dawes Act of 1887? How did it help facilitate the destruction of tribal cultures? The Dawes Act of 1887 served the purpose of giving Indians a “half citizenship”, giving Indians ownership over private properties.  The reservation lands of the tribe were broken up into small allotments each for one individual, since the ownership was of the individual rather than the tribe.  Therefore, destroying the sense of community of the tribe.  It also served the purpose of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream US society by encouraging them towards farming and agriculture.  Destroyed the reservation system.

5. What methods were used to weaken Native American tribal cultures in the Western US in the late 19th Century?  Forced education : indigenous children were compulsorily sent to American boarding schools.  There, Indian children from speaking their native language, wearing their traditional clothes, or carrying out traditional activities.  Thus, erasing their language, culture, and identity in an act of cultural genocide.  Abolishment of the tribal system : The US government deprived the Indian tribes of their right to self-governance.  Indian citizenship : American citizenship was fully imposed on the Indians.  Native Americans who were identified as mixed-race had to give up their tribal status, and others were “de-tribalized.”  The Dawes Act of 1887 . 6. What were the goals and intentions of the US Government in steering passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments to the US Constitution after the Civil War? The goals of the 14 th and 15 th Amendments were to guarantee full citizenship to African Americans  Therefore, giving them the right to vote (suffrage)  Pushed by the Radical Republicans, since most of the freedmen would vote for their political party.

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7. Examine the move toward a reservation policy by the United States in the West after the Civil War through 1890. The Indian reservation system was created to keep Native Americans off of lands that European Americans wished to settle.  Allowed indigenous people to govern themselves and maintain some of their cultural and social traditions.  Native Americans on the reservations suffered from poverty, malnutrition, low standards of living, and rates of economic development.  Many Indians were reallocated to reservations in Oklahoma. Prior to the reservation system, the approach towards Indians was removal.  The Indian Removal Act of 1830 institutionalized the practice of forcing Native Americans off of their ancestral lands to make way for European settlement.  The US government forcibly relocated the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) to territories that would become the states of Kansas, Nebraska, and Oklahoma  This battle of removal became known as the Trail of Tears 8. Who were the Radical Republicans? What were their social and political goals regarding the American South after the Civil War? They were a faction within the Republican Party.  They were committed to the emancipation of the slaves and later to the equal treatment and enfranchisement of the freed blacks.  African American suffrage was beneficial to them since most of the freedmen would vote Republican. 9. What were some major reasons American settlers went West in the mid to late 19th century?  Free land (Homestead Act).

 Mainly used for ranching and farming.  Gold rush and mining opportunities.  Avoid persecution (Mormons and other groups) 10. Examine the process in which railroad builders linked the first US transcontinental railroad at Promontory Point in 1869. The transcontinental railroad was built in six years almost entirely by hand.  The workers included Irish and German immigrants, former Union and Confederate soldiers, freed slaves, and especially Chinese immigrants.  At one point, 8,000 of the 10,000 men toiling for the Central Pacific were Chinese.  Workers drove spikes into mountains, filled the holes with black powder, and blasted through the rock inch by inch.  The railroad was officially completed in 1869, in Promontory Summit (Salt Lake City, Utah) 11. What was the Compromise of 1877? How did it happen—and how did it affect the American South? The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election.  The Democrat candidate won the public vote but lost the election by one electoral vote.  The Democrats agreed that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the granting of home rule in the South.  This compromise officially ended the Reconstruction Era, and permitted segregation to take place (Jim Crow Laws). 12. What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

The first significant law restricting immigration into the United States  This act provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States  Due to many Americans on the West Coast attributing declining wages and economic ills to Chinese workers. 13. What did Andrew Carnegie propose for wealthy Americans in the Gospel of Wealth? In the Gospel of Wealth, Andrew Carnegie proposed that wealthy Americans are responsible for using their wealth for the greater good of society. He suggested that the rich should distribute their wealth in ways that promote social progress, including through philanthropy and supporting educational and cultural institutions 14. In the late 19th century, immigrants in the US increasingly came from which parts of Europe? Immigrants to the US in the late 19th century came from southern and eastern Europe, especially Italy and the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. 15. How did American governments promote laissez-faire domestic economic policies in the late 19th century? American governments promoted laissez-faire domestic economic policies in the late 19th century by limiting government intervention in business and commerce, promoting competition, and advocating for free trade. 16. Examine the rise of the middle classes and the changing role of women in American society resulting from industrialization. Industrialization led to the rise of the middle class and changing roles for women in American society. Women increasingly entered the workforce and gained greater independence, while the middle class grew due to increased job opportunities and rising incomes 17. Who were the wealthiest men in America in the late 19th century?

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The wealthiest men in America in the late 19th century included Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and J.P. Morgan. 18. In economic terms, what factors led to the increase of living standards for most Americans as the Industrial Revolution progressed? Most Americans' living standards during the Industrial Revolution increased due to technological advancements, increased productivity, and the growth of manufacturing industries. 19. What the U.S. acquired overseas territories in the late 19th century? What reasons did supporters give for developing such an empire? The U.S. acquired territories such as Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the late 19th century. Supporters of developing such an empire argued that it would promote American economic interests and increase national power and prestige. 20. Theodore Roosevelt supported which rebellion to facilitate the building of the Panama Canal? Theodore Roosevelt supported the Panamanian rebellion against Colombia to facilitate the Panama Canal's construction. 21. How did the U.S. gain control over the Philippines in the early 20th century? The U.S. gained control over the Philippines through the Treaty of Paris in 1898, which ended the Spanish-American War. 22. What territories did the U.S. acquire due to the Spanish-American War? The U.S. acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines due to the Spanish-American War.

23. Who was John Muir? How did he shape the environmental movement in the U.S.? John Muir was a naturalist and conservationist who played a vital role in the environmental movement in the U.S. He advocated for preserving natural landscapes and founded the Sierra Club. 24. Who was Jane Addams? How did she influence the Settlement House Movement? Jane Addams was a social reformer who founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago that provided social services to immigrants and low-income communities. She influenced the Settlement House Movement by demonstrating the potential for community-based organizations to address social and economic issues. 25. Why did Upton Sinclair write the “muckraking” book The Jungle? Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to expose the meatpacking industry's harsh working conditions and unsanitary practices. The book increased awareness of labor and food safety issues and contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. 26. What constitutional amendments were passed as a part of the Progressive Movement? Constitutional amendments passed as part of the Progressive Movement include the 16th Amendment, which established the federal income tax, and the 17th Amendment, which allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators. 27. What was the Antiquities Act of 1906? Which U.S. President was involved in its creation? The Antiquities Act of 1906 authorized the President to create national monuments to protect significant natural and cultural resources. President Theodore Roosevelt created it. 28. What were some of the goals of the political progressives, such as Robert La Follette of Wisconsin?

The political progressives, such as Robert La Follette of Wisconsin, aimed to reduce the power of big business, promote social and economic justice, and increase government regulation to protect the interests of ordinary citizens. 29. Why did the United States enter the Great War in 1917? The U.S. entered the Great War in 1917 primarily due to Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram, which proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico against the U.S. 30. Why was Eugene Debs jailed in the U.S. during the Great War? What was the Sedition Act of 1918, and what other methods were used to silence dissent during the conflict? Eugene Debs was jailed for violating the Sedition Act of 1918, which made it illegal to criticize the government or the war effort. Other methods to silence dissent during the conflict included propaganda campaigns and restrictions on free speech and assembly. 31. What were the main ideas and goals of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points plan to end the Great War? Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points plan aimed to establish a lasting peace in Europe following the Great War. The plan called for open diplomacy, free trade, and the League of Nations establishment to prevent future conflicts. 32. What was Prohibition? How was it implemented and who favored it? - Prohibition was the period from 1920 to 1933 during which the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was prohibited by law. - It was implemented through the 18 th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors, and the Volstead Act , which defined what constituted an intoxicating liquor.

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- Groups that supported prohibition:  Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU): One of the most influential organizations advocating for prohibition in the United States. The group believed that alcohol was a major cause of social problems such as poverty, domestic violence, and crime, and argued that banning it would lead to a more moral and prosperous society.  Anti-Saloon League: The group focused on lobbying for laws that would prohibit the sale of alcohol, and it was successful in getting several states to pass such legislation.  Progressive and labor reformers: Many progressives and labor reformers of the early 20th century believed that alcohol was a tool of the wealthy and powerful to keep the working class in line and argued that banning it would help to level the playing field.  Religious organizations: Many religious organizations, including the Methodist Church and the Baptist Church, believed that drinking alcohol was a sin and that it was their duty to promote temperance and sobriety. 33. Who were the New Dealers and what did they favor in economic policy? - The New Dealers were a group of policymakers and politicians in the United States who were associated with President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration and the New Deal programs of the 1930s. - New Deal : a series of economic and social programs aimed at providing relief, recovery, and reform in response to the Great Depression.  The New Deal embraced federal deficit spending to promote economic growth. - New Dealers favored an economic policy emphasizing government intervention to promote economic recovery, job creation, and social welfare. - Policies implemented by New Dealers:

 National Recovery Administration : aimed to stabilize prices and wages.  Works Progress Administration : created jobs through public works projects.  Agricultural Adjustment Act : designed to stabilize agricultural prices by reducing crop surpluses.  Fair Labor Standards Act : established a federal minimum wage and maximum workweek, and prohibited child labor in many industries.  Social Security Act : established a system of old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, and welfare benefits to provide a basic level of economic security for American workers and their families.  Civilian Conservation Corps : a public works program that provided jobs and job training to unemployed young men. Participants worked on environmental conservation projects such as planting trees, building trails, and fighting forest fires. 34. What were the goals of the Social Security Act? - The primary goal of the Social Security Act was to provide a basic level of economic security for American workers and their families, providing a safety net for the most vulnerable in American society. - Specific goals of the Social Security Act:  To provide retirement benefits: The Social Security Act established a system of old-age pensions, which provided retirement benefits for workers who reached a certain age and had paid into the Social Security system through payroll taxes.  To provide unemployment insurance: The Social Security Act established a system of unemployment insurance, which provided temporary financial assistance to workers who lost their jobs.  To provide aid to families with dependent children: The Social Security Act established a system of cash assistance for families with dependent children who had no other means of support.

 To provide disability insurance: The Social Security Act established a system of disability insurance, which provided financial assistance to workers who were unable to work due to a disabling condition. 35. Examine the reasons why the New Dealers created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Securities and Exchange Commission. How did these government organizations help restore confidence in the U.S. economy during the Great Depression? - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was created in 1933 during the depths of the Great Depression to protect bank depositors and ensure a level of trust in the American banking system.  Under the FDIC, depositors' accounts were insured up to a certain amount, which provided a level of protection against bank failures and helped to stabilize the banking system. - The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was established to regulate the securities industry, with the goal of promoting transparency, accountability, and fairness in financial markets.  The SEC required companies to disclose information about their financial performance and operations, and established rules for the trading of securities.  The program also had the power to investigate and prosecute cases of fraud and insider trading, which helped to restore confidence in financial markets and prevent abuses that had contributed to the stock market crash of 1929. 36. What was the overall impact of the New Deal on American government and society? - The New Deal expanded the federal government's role in American life.  Established a framework for federal intervention in economic and social issues.

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- The New Deal also had a significant impact on workers and labor rights.  The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, also known as the Wagner Act, established the right of workers to form unions and engage in collective bargaining, which helped to strengthen the labor movement and improve working conditions for millions of Americans. 37. Why was the Battle of Midway important? - The Battle of Midway was a significant turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II. It was a decisive victory for the United States over Japan, which shifter the momentum of the war for the US.  The US intercepted a Japanese attack on the Midway Island, near Hawaii, and sunk all of the carriers that Japan possessed in its military (4) 38. What was D-Day? Examine its impact on the course of the Second World War in Europe - D-Day was the invasion of Normandy by American, Canadian, and British, opening up a third front in Europe.  It was the largest military naval, air, and land operation ever attempted.  Germany was forced to divert troops and resources from other parts of Europe, which weakened their overall military power. - The invasion was a significant turning point in the war, as it allowed the Allies to establish a foothold in Europe and begin the liberation of France.  It marked the beginning of the end of the war in Europe. 39. Why did Harry Truman go forward with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

- Truman went forward with the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki because he believed it was necessary to bring the war to a quick end and save American lives.  He thought that Japan would accept the American unconditional surrender after the Hiroshima attack. - Truman also used the bombs so they would have to divide Japan with the USSR.  Therefore protecting Japan from dictatorship and communism. 40. What issues increasingly divided the New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party after WWII? - The New Deal coalition of the Democratic Party began to break apart after World War II due to increasing divisions over issues such as:  Civil Rights : Some members of the Democratic Party began to push for greater civil rights legislation, while other members of the coalition were hesitant to support these efforts, fearing that it would alienate white voters in the South.  Labor Issues : Some Democrats began to question the power of labor unions and their impact on the economy, arguing that were becoming too powerful and were stifling economic growth, while other Democrats advocated for no changes from New Deal labor policies.  Economic Policy : Some Democrats believed that the government should adopt a more laissez-faire approach to the economy and reduce regulation, while other Democrats advocated for no changes from New Deal economic policies.  Cold War Foreign Policy : Some Democrats supported a more aggressive approach to containing Soviet expansion, while others favored diplomacy and negotiation. - These divisions would eventually contribute to the fracturing of the coalition in the 1960s and the rise of a more conservative Democratic Party.

41. What was the Domino Theory in U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War? - The Domino Theory was the belief in U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War that if one country fell to communism, other countries in the region would follow like dominos falling.  This theory was used to justify U.S. intervention in conflicts such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 42. The Sputnik launch had what effects on American society? - The launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union led to a wave of national anxiety known as the "Sputnik crisis."  It was the first time a man-made object had been launched into orbit, and many Americans feared that the Soviet Union was ahead of the United States in the space race.  The Sputnik Crisis led to increased government investment in science and technology education and research and the creation of NASA. 43. Why did the U.S. consistently support dictatorships during the Cold War? Be aware of examples. - During the Cold War, the U.S. consistently supported dictatorships to prevent the spread of communism. - Examples of dictatorships supported by the US during the Cold War:  Augusto Pinochet in Chile  Park Chung-hee in South Korea

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 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran  Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines 44. What were the goals of the Wilderness Act of 1964? - The Wilderness Act of 1964 aimed to protect and preserve wilderness areas in the United States.  The act created the National Wilderness Preservation System and established a process for designating wilderness areas.  It aimed to protect the natural beauty and ecological integrity of wilderness areas for future generations. 45. What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964? Examine its influence. - The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.  The act is considered one of the most important and transformative pieces of legislation in American history. - Key impacts of The Civil Rights Act of 1964:  Desegregation of Public Accommodations : The Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels, restaurants, and theaters.  Voting Rights : The act prohibited discriminatory practices in voting, such as poll taxes and literacy tests.  Employment Discrimination : The act outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.  Political Realignment : The Civil Rights Act contributed to a political realignment in the United States, as many white southerners who opposed the

act began to shift their political allegiance from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. 46. What was the Tet Offensive? Examine its impact on American support for the Vietnam War. - The Tet Offensive was a series of surprise attacks by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against South Vietnam and U.S. forces during the Vietnam War, attacking numerous cities and towns across South Vietnam, including the capital of Saigon.  Although it was a major military defeat for the North Vietnamese, it significantly impacted American support for the war.  It demonstrated that the enemy could still launch powerful attacks and raised doubts about the U.S. military's ability to win the war. - It shattered the belief that the United States was winning the war, eroded public confidence in the military leadership and the Johnson administration, and contributed to growing anti-war sentiment 47. Increasing environmental awareness in the 1960s led to the creation of what government agency? - Increasing environmental awareness in the 1960s led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970.  The EPA was created to protect human health and the environment by enforcing regulations on air and water pollution, hazardous waste, and other environmental issues. 48. What was the Watergate Scandal? How did it affect the Nixon Presidency?

- The Watergate Scandal was a political scandal that occurred in the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon  Burglars hired by Nixon entered the Watergate Complex, one of the Democratic Party’s headquarters, and engaged in a wide range of illegal activities, including wiretapping, burglary, and campaign finance violations.  Nixon wanted to have access to the Democrats’ confidential information to help him win re-election. - As investigative journalism uncovered it, an impeachment process was started against Nixon, which ultimately led to his resignation from office.  The scandal undermined public trust in government and increased skepticism of politicians and the media. 49. How did the Ronald Reagan presidency change American politics in the 1980s? - The Ronald Reagan presidency changed American politics in the 1980s by promoting a conservative agenda emphasizing smaller government, free-market capitalism, and a robust national defense.  Reagan's policies led to economic growth and prosperity and increasing inequality and political polarization. - Reagan’s campaign brought together a “New Right” coalition of economic conservatives, members of the Christian Right, working-class whites, and supporters of a more aggressive Cold War foreign policy. 50. What were the factors which decided the controversial Presidential election of 2000? - Initial election returns showed that Al Gore, the Democratic Party candidate, had won the popular vote, but neither candidate had garnered the 270 electoral votes required to win the presidency.

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- The state of Florida played a key role in the 2000 election, as it had enough electoral votes to swing the election either way.  On election night, the results in Florida were too close to call, and a recount was ordered.  The recount process was plagued by controversy, with allegations of voter suppression, faulty voting machines, and other issues. - Due to the controversy surrounding the Florida recount, the Supreme Court intervened and ruled that the recount could not continue in a 5-4 vote, effectively handing the election to George W. Bush. 51. What was the impact of 9/11 on the American government and society? - 9/11 led to a significant shift in American national security policy.  The U.S. government began to focus more on preventing future terrorist attacks, leading to the creation of new agencies and the expansion of existing ones, such as the Department of Homeland Security and the National Security Agency.  The government also passed the USA PATRIOT Act, which gave law enforcement agencies new powers to combat terrorism. - The attacks also had a major impact on American foreign policy.  The U.S. government launched a global war on terror, targeting terrorist organizations and governments that supported them.  The war in Afghanistan, which began in 2001, was the first major military campaign in this new era of American foreign policy, followed by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. - The increased focus on national security also had implications for civil liberties in the United States.

 The government's surveillance and intelligence-gathering activities came under scrutiny, with concerns raised about violations of privacy and due process.  The treatment of detainees at Guantanamo Bay and other detention centers also sparked debates about human rights and the rule of law. - 9/11 had a profound impact on American society as well.  The attacks led to a surge in patriotism and national unity, as well as a renewed sense of resilience and determination.  They also fostered suspicion and hostility towards Muslims and people of Middle Eastern descent, leading to increased discrimination and hate crimes.

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