2-08 Cold War
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RUSS/INTST 342
T
HE
C
OLD
W
AR
BYU-I
DAHO
H
OMEWORK
1946-1984
L
ESSON
2.08
N
AME
: __SAN TUE TRAN________
С
ЕГОДНЯ
В
Р
ОССИИ
– T
ODAY
IN
R
USSIA
: C
URRENT
E
VENTS
On our I-Learn page, you will find “Сегодня в России – Today in Russia”. Choose one of the news sites (or your own, if you have a favorite). Read through some of the headlines about what is happening in Russia today
. Select an article, read it, and complete the following:
Briefly summarize the main points of the article.
British foreigncy secretary, David Cameron, said, “Putin removes his political opponents,
controls the media, and then crowns himself the winner. This is not democracy." Calling Russia a dictatorship, a German government spokesperson said the chancellor, Olaf Scholz, would not congratulate Putin on his re-election in a vote viewed by Berlin as “predetermined”. Russia has a long history of state employees being coerced to attend pro-government rallies. The independent Russian election watchdog Golos said it had found unprecedented levels of fraud in the presidential elections. Never before have we seen a presidential [election] campaign that fell so far short of constitutional standards,” said Golos, whose co-director is now in jail in Russia. “The elections failed to fulfil their main function: to reflect the real mood of citizens, and they did not allow [citizens] to independently and freely make decisions about the future of their country,” it added.
Describe one thing you learned from it about “What makes Russians ‘Russian’?”.
Democracy is something non-existent in Russia BBC A
RT
D
OCUMENTARY
– S
MASHING
THE
M
OLD
: T
HE
A
RT
OF
R
USSIA
(6-9)
Watch the next 20 (19:54) minutes of “Smashing the Mold: The Art of Russia” (segments 6-9) and briefly answer the following questions. 1-sentence answers are ok.
6.
Moscow’s Subway Art
. What happened on 7 November 1941 in Mayakovski station?
Stalin was holding a rally instead of commuters getting off these trains WHILE Hitler began his great assault on Russia.
7.
Post-WWII State Art in Russia
. What detail in the Stalin/Landscape painting reminds you that you are being watched?
The little tell-tale black car that signals the vehicle of the secret police.
8.
Stalin’s Art and Communist Betrayal.
What type of art did the artist they interview create?
The artist creates sculptures.
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9.
Nikita Khrushchev and Space Exploration. What is the space obelisk?
The most dynamic and extraordinary monument of communist propaganda of the whole 1960’s when socialist realism’s spectacular last gasp appeared out of the optimism of new fresh horizons of the space program.
F
IGES
N
ATASHA
’
S
D
ANCE
NOTE: We are reading only Section 2 from Chapter 8. Read Section 2 of Chapter 8 (p. 537-45)
and complete the following. Natasha’s Dance: Russia Abroad 8.2 – As an émigré, how did Rachmaninoff maintain connections to his Russian roots? What role do you think this played in his music and musical career? Be specific. (
~50-word response
)
They saw themselves as the guardians of the true Russian way of life, and believed that the exiles
were temporary, so they did not really unpack suitcases. They kept the old traditions of the Russian way of life, educated children in Russian language school, kept Russian church alive, and upheld whatever they valued as a Russian.
His musical philosophy was inspired from Russian spiritual traditions, to create beauty and to speak the truth from the depths of his heart.
R
ACHMANINOFF
’
S
M
USIC
On our I-Learn page, find the link to a selection of Rachmaninoff’s music. You are required to listen to at least 30 minutes of Rachmaninoff’s music. You may do this while reading the assigned sections from Natasha’s Dance
or other parts of this homework – it’s up to you. If you have other favorite works by Rachmaninoff, you may to listen to those instead. The reading for today deals with Rachmaninoff and having a sense of some of his music will help you better appreciate his story.
L
ISTENING
Q
UESTION
- R
ACHMANINOFF
What was your reaction to Rachmaninoff’s music? How did what you learned about
him influence your listening experience? (
~ 25-word response
)
Rachmaninoff was most famous for his Romantic-style compositions. Rachmaninoff is known for his melancholic, rich harmonies written in true Romantic style. His Concerto for piano No. 2 in C minor (op. 18) has achieved huge success. This extremely complex work consists of three movements and thus respects the traditional concerto form: Moderato, Adagio sostenuto and Allegro scherzando. This concerto appeared three years after the depression that hit Rachmaninoff following cruel and merciless criticism of his first symphony. It is thus often regarded as the mirror of events that the composer had to cross during the worst moments of his life: the solemn tone and tortuous of the first movement actually reflects the state of crisis and painful moments after this failure; the second movement let us glimpse the dawn after the dark night, the calm after the storm, the glimmer of hope appearing on the horizon; and finally, the last movement of the work would represent a return to the pleasures of life and the creative force.
The late American singer-songwriter Eric Carmen’s 1975 smash hit, ‘All By Myself’, features an
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unlikely collaborator on its list of songwriters.
W
ARD
& T
HOMPSON
R
USSIA
- C
HAPTER
13
S
TABILITY
AND
S
TAGNATION
DURING
THE
C
OLD
W
AR
, 1946-1984
Read
Chapter 13, p. 235-66 (32 pages) and complete the following. 1. What obstacles and challenges did the Soviet people face after the devastation of World War II? In your opinion, was the USSR successful in overcoming these issues? How so? (
~ 25-word answer
)
They had to cope with famine, lack of housing, inadequate fuel and clothing, and wrenching so-
cial and psychological adjustments. I don’t think they were successful, but they made matter worse. They imposed new plan and regulation require more exertion, and the living condition only improved slightly. 2.
Why did Stalin reimpose rigid ideological controls on the Soviet people after the end of
the war? (
~ 25-word answer
)
Because he was insecure, thinking that the attitudes of the Soviet citizens who, during the war and postwar occupation of Germany and Eastern Europe, had come into close contact with Western cultures and values. 3.
Describe the treatment of the Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, and Chechens during the immediate postwar period. Why are these groups often referred to as the “Punished Peoples”? (
~ 25-word answer
)
Stalin abolished the autonomous territorial enclaves of the Volga Germans, the Crimean Tatars, etc. They were accused, sent to forced labor camps and deported to Siberia and Central Asia.
4.
Should blame for the emergence of the Cold War be ascribed to any one nation such as
the Soviet Union? If so, why? If not, why not?
(
~ 25-word answer
)
Soviet expansionism into Eastern Europe fueled many Americans’ fears of a Russian plan to control the world. Meanwhile, the USSR came to resent what they perceived as U.S. officials’ bellicose rhetoric, arms buildup and strident approach to international relations. In such a hostile atmosphere, no single party was entirely to blame for the Cold War; in fact, some historians be-
lieve it was inevitable.
5.
Why did Stalin want the postwar German state to be unified? Explain your answer. (
~ 25-word answer
)
Stalin apparently favored a unitary Germany under common supervision, recognizing that if Ger-
many were split u, its riches regions would fall under the Western alliance.
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6
.
Describe the events of the Berlin Airlift. How did the Soviet Union react to this event? (
~ 25-word answer
)
The Berlin Airlift was a massive humanitarian and logistical operation that took place be-
tween June 1948 and May 1949. It was carried out by the United States and its allies in re-
sponse to the Soviet Union's blockade of West Berlin, which had been established in an at-
tempt to force the Western powers out of the city. In response to the blockade, the United States and its allies began a massive airlift of food, fuel, and other supplies into West Berlin. The airlift was a major logistical and political achievement. The Soviets certainly were not happy that the West managed to embarrass the Soviets by finding a way around the Blockade
but there really wasn’t much the Soviets could do.
7.
Why was Yugoslavia able to resist Soviet domination in Eastern Europe
? (
~ 25-word answer
)
The reason was because Yugoslavia more or less on its own liberated itself from Nazi tyranny. Its geographic position enabled it to serve as a buffer between the two opposing blocks. Yu-
goslavia was a socialist state, but it did not side with either of the superpowers. Instead, it main-
tained its role as an independent socialist state following the uncompromised Marxist-Leninist principles. Tito was an extremely popular leader and an effective general and military leader.
8.
What was the Soviet Union’s role in the outbreak and conduct of the Korean War? (
~ 25-word answer
)
It provided material and medical services, as well as Soviet pilots and aircraft, most notably MiG-15 fighter jets, to aid the North Korean-Chinese forces against the South Korean-United Nations Forces.
9.
In what ways did Khrushchev differ from Stalin? In what ways were the two Soviet leaders similar? (
~ 25-word answer
)
Khruschev was different from Stalin to the extent that he made the communist regime much less repressive. He freed many political prisoners and blamed Stalin for the persecutions he carried out. Krushchev introduced destalinization and tried to erase Stalin era from Soviet History. One of the commonalities between the two was that, they both led the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev took over from Joseph Stalin, following his death. Both leaders believed in commu-
nism, and thus were for the idea that communism should take over the world
10.
Account for the Sino-Soviet Split. How did these two formerly friendly nations differ so fundamentally from each other by the late 1960s?
(
~ 25-word answer
)
China and the USSR split over ideological issues. Mao believed that Khrushchev's moderating reforms were ideological blasphemy. Additionally, the USSR's diplomatic solution to the Cuban Missile Crisis was viewed as cowardice by Mao.
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A
NALYSIS
Answer the following questions. W&T Russia 13.1 – Compare and contrast the rule of Stalin and Khrushchev over the Soviet Union in terms of successes and failures. Be specific. (
minimum 50-word response
)
Joseph Stalin and Nikita Khrushchev both strongly believed in communism and believed that it would take over the world. Unlike Stalin, however, Khrushchev believed that his goal could be accomplished peaceably. He wanted to build respect for the Soviet Union not through war but through scientific and economic means. When Khrushchev became the Soviet leader, the Cold War changed because of this attitude. It became more a battle of technology—launching satellites, developing the H-bomb—instead of Stalin's battle of force and power.
W&T Russia 13.2 – In your opinion, what were the most significant developments in Soviet society between the end of World War II and 1984 when Gorbachev came to power? Justify your answer with specifics. (
minimum 50-word response
)
Perestroika allowed more independent actions from various ministries and introduced many market-like reforms. The purported goal of perestroika, however, was not to end the command economy but rather to make socialism work more efficiently to better meet the needs of Soviet citizens by adopting elements of liberal economics. The process of implementing perestroika added to existing shortages, and created political, social, and economic tensions within the Soviet
Union. Furthermore, it is often blamed for the political ascent of nationalism and nationalist political parties in the constituent republics.
With respect to the foreign policy Gorbachev promoted "new political thinking": de-
ideologization of international politics, abandoning the concept of class struggle, priority of universal human interests over the interests of any class, increasing interdependence of the world, and mutual security based on political rather than military instruments. The doctrine constituted a significant shift from the previous principles of the Soviet foreign politics marked the end of the Cold War.
The most significant of Gorbachev's reforms in the foreign economic sector allowed foreigners to invest in the Soviet Union in the form of joint ventures with Soviet ministries, state enterprises, and cooperatives.
R
EFLECTIVE
Q
UESTION
Craft a reflective question that you would like to pose to your classmates and/or instructor based on the homework for today. Write it here:
Why Gorbachev is considered both hero and villain? Which one is most of the Russians agree on?