sherman4_tb_ch05

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Chapter 5 Territorial and Christian Empires MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. After the death of Julius Caesar, A. the Roman Republic was restored. B. Alexander the Great conquered Rome. C. Hannibal led a plebeian uprising against the patricians. D. there was a series of civil wars that ended in the one-man rule of Augustus. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 138 2. During the Second Triumvirate, A. Pompey became dictator for ten years. B. and before their final showdown, Octavian forced the third member, Lepidus, to retire. C. Cleopatra sided with Octavian, insuring his triumph. D. Julius Caesar was assassinated by a conspiracy led by the Triumvirs themselves. Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 138 3. In the division of power over the empire, A. Antony took the west; Octavian took the east. B. Cicero took the west; Antony took the east. C. Octavian took the west; Antony took the east. D. Brutus took the west; Octavian took the east. Answer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 138 4. Antony and Octavian attempted to create a bond of alliance between them by arranging A. for Antony to marry Octavian’s sister, Octavia. B. for Antony to give his mistress, Cleopatra, to Octavian. C. to share the consulships of Rome on a permanent basis. D. to combine their armies for an attack on Parthia. Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 139

5. Antony and Cleopatra lost the Battle of Actium because A. a great storm destroyed their ships. B. Octavian possessed much larger forces than Antony. C. Cleopatra abandoned the battle with her fleet, and Antony followed her. D. Antony was killed at the beginning of the battle. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 139 6. Rome completed its domination of the Mediterranean when A. Constantine adopted Christianity. B. Sulla defeated Mithradates. C. Nero defeated the Germans. D. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 139 7. The government established by Augustus after 27 B.C.E. has come to be called the A. dictatorship. B. Royal Realm. C. democratic republic. D. principate. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 139 8. During his principate, Augustus did all of the following EXCEPT A. abolish the Senate because of the great opposition that he found there. B. assume the powers of tribune and consul while permitting others to exercise the offices. C. use his personal wealth to balance the budget and rebuild Rome. D. accept the title “Father of the Fatherland.” Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 139 9. Augustus improved the organization of imperial government by A. directly controlling the provinces and sending representatives to govern them. B. creating a foreign service drawn from men of the equestrian class eager to advance. C. eliminating private tax collectors. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 141

10. The Aeneid , which celebrated the heroic foundation of Rome and the values it cherished, was written by A. Homer. B. Livy. C. Virgil. D. Tacitus. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 142 11. The next dynasty, that of Vespasian, came to power in 69 C.E. as a result of A. a bloody civil war fought by the armies to secure the power for their commanders. B. being elected by the assembly because they were tired of Julio-Claudian rule. C. Vespasian succeeding in murdering all remaining members of Augustus’s family. D. Nero giving up his power because he realized Vespasian was a better man. Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 143 12. The dynasty of Augustus, the dynasty of Vespasian, and the era of the “Five Good Emperors” all ended with A. the accession of an incompetent or viciously immoral son. B. a Germanic invasion that sacked Rome. C. an eruption of Vesuvius. D. a major slave revolt. Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 143 13. In the days of the Five Good Emperors, A. most successors were not sons of the emperors, but rather men chosen for their ability to rule. B. some of the Emperors had to spend years away from Rome securing the frontiers. C. they developed a legacy of integrity and simplicity of rule. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 143 14. The trade route by which precious goods moved from China to the Mediterranean was A. the Han Highway. B. the Red Sea. C. the Silk Road. D. the Suez Canal. Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 145

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15. Which of the following was NOT a factor holding the Roman Empire together? A. ferocious repression of all rebellions B. widely spread Romanization through citizen colonies and military service C. local town councils that maintained infrastructure, collected taxes, and loyally reported to the imperial administration D. well-engineered roads and bridges, with an organized transport system Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 147 16. In order to improve the lives of the Romans, Augustus A. encouraged an opulent lifestyle of luxurious clothes and jewels for the rich. B. favored the growing gap between rich and poor. C. promoted legislation to encourage marriage, children, and traditional morality. D. forced only non-Romans to serve in the military. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 149 17. Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons for Rome’s declining birthrate under the Empire? A. to have fewer children in order to preserve their inheritance intact B. seriously mistaken views by physicians on sex and female fertility C. Augustus’s new laws on marriage and family D. use of birth control methods and abortion Answer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 149 18. The Colosseum was used for the bloody display of A. gladiators. B. wild animal slaughter. C. mass executions of condemned criminals. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 151 19. The bloody displays of arena and circus served the purpose of showing A. the empire’s dominance over its enemies. B. the generosity of the emperor who paid for the games, increasing loyalty to him. C. people how to face death bravely and honorably. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Medium

Page: 152 20. The end of the Roman Peace ( Pax Romana ) was marked by the A. assassination of Marcus Aurelius’s decadent son, Commodus, in 192. B. suicide of Nero in 68. C. moving of the capital to Constantinople in 330. D. crucifixion of Christ in 33. Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 152 21. Beginning with the rule of Septimius Severus in 193, the Roman Empire A. continued to enjoy the prosperity and tranquility of the era of the Five Good Emperors. B. became more militarized, with generals placed in positions of power. C. expanded, crushing Persia. D. was defeated by Armenia. Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 152 22. The increase of luxury spending by the rich during the high empire damaged the economy because A. money drained from the West to the Far East, where most luxury goods were produced. B. less money circulated, limiting growth opportunities for the middle class. C. the Roman poor had to receive increasing food subsidies, further reducing the treasury. D. many of the wealthy went bankrupt. Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 153 23. Which major problem did the Roman Empire face in the late second and third centuries? A. major plagues B. economic recession C. inflation D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 153 24. Which of the following political and administrative changes did Diocletian NOT make? A. ending the principate by adopting the title of “lord” ( dominus ) and having himself worshiped as a living god B. returning all civil power to the Senate, which would choose the consuls C. dividing the empire among four rulers: two augusti, who would each choose a caesar D. concentrating most of the army at inland bases, to be quickly moved to any threatened part of the border

Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 153-154 25. The reign of the Roman Emperor Diocletian was noted for A. the revival of the Senate. B. vigorous administrative measures and reorganization of the empire. C. military defeat by the Parthians D. a return to a simple, republican style of life by the emperor. Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 153-154 26. It can be said of the rule of the Roman Emperor Diocletian that A. he ended the chaos of the past fifty years, but at the cost of weakening the will of many Romans to support public life or fight for the empire. B. his policy of restoring many republican institutions ultimately weakened imperial rule. C. his vigorous renewal of pagan religious life prevented the triumph of Christianity for more than a century. D. he continued the corrupt practices of his predecessors. Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 155-156 27. Constantine shifted the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, later called Constantinople, because A. he had a major quarrel with the Roman Senate. B. Rome was sacked by the Visigoths. C. he wished to locate the capital nearer to vital military frontiers. D. he felt more Greek than Roman. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 156 28. The German tribe invited to cross the Danube to settle, which then defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople and sacked Rome in 410, were the A. Ostrogoths. B. Huns. C. Visigoths. D. Franks. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 156

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29. The influential philosophy of Neoplatonism held that A. by living a life of self-mutilation and deprivation, one could approach God. B. through ecstatic dances and hallucinations, God would come to them. C. each person contained a spark of divinity that could be cultivated by contemplation and proper living. D. sacrificing regularly to the emperor would assure personal and public benefit. Answer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 157 30. Which of the following was NOT a mystery cult? A. Epicurianism B. Isis and Serapis C. Mithraism D. cult of Dionysus Answer: A Difficulty: Medium Page: 157-158 31. The willingness of many Romans in the imperial period to follow the various mystery religions is evidence of A. a growing lack of confidence in the emperor. B. a longing for religious fulfillment that was not satisfied by the worship of traditional gods. C. the rise of Neoplatonic philosophy during this period. D. the triumph of Hellenistic science undermining belief in traditional gods. Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 157-158 32. The mystery religions A. reflected the multiculturalism of the Roman Empire because of their diverse cultural origins. B. reached a peak in the Hellenistic period and declined during Roman rule. C. were exclusively for female worshipers. D. were exclusively for male worshipers. Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 158 33. Which of the following Jewish groups emphasized violent revolt against the Romans? A. Pharisees B. Sadducees C. Zealots D. Essenes

Answer: C Difficulty: Hard Page: 160 34. Which of the following Jewish groups withdrew from society and attempted to live pure lives? A. Pharisees B. Sadducees C. Zealots D. Essenes Answer: D Difficulty: Hard Page: 160 35. Which of the following is NOT true of the career of Jesus? A. He called for the overthrow of the Roman government. B. He taught a message of peace, love and care for the suffering and poor. C. He was reported to have performed miracles and cures. D. He was seen by his apostles to have risen from the dead after his crucifixion. Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 160 36. Paul of Tarsus taught that all followers of Jesus A. must be circumcised and follow Jewish dietary laws. B. must follow Jewish dietary laws but didn’t have to be circumcised. C. needed neither to be circumcised nor follow Jewish dietary laws. D. needed to come and sacrifice at the temple in Jerusalem. Answer: C Difficulty: Medium Page: 161 37. The main ceremony of the early Christians was the Eucharist, A. a commemoration of the last supper: a sharing of wine and bread. B. a ritual dance and mock re-enactment of the crucifixion. C. the sacrifice of a baby and the sharing of its blood. D. a public procession with crosses to provoke the Romans. Answer: A Difficulty: Hard Page: 162 38. The numerous misunderstandings that Romans had about early Christianity were probably caused by A. the origins of Christianity being outside of the Roman Empire. B. the fact that Christians seemed to violate the social order by including the poor, slaves, and women as equals in their congregations.

C. the belief that Christianity led to the worship of the devil. D. Muslim propaganda. Answer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 163 39. The emperor Constantine affected the future of Christianity by A. ending the persecutions. B. supporting the church by giving them tax advantages and returning property. C. building the first great churches and making the holy land a place of pilgrimage. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 164-165 40. Once Christianity became the official religion of the empire, A. the artistic depictions of Christ started to change from the Good Shepherd to the lord of the universe. B. the organization of the Christian church began to duplicate the civil order of Rome. C. Christian bishops became bold enough to criticize the conduct of the emperor. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Medium Page: 164-165 41. The Council of Nicaea A. proclaimed Constantine to be emperor. B. stated that Christ had always existed. C. demanded persecution of pagans. D. declared war on the Visigoths. Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 167 42. In what way did Christian behavior reshape Roman society? A. by rejecting celibacy B. by rejecting gladiatorial games and the exposure of unwanted children C. by banning the reading of the Homeric epics D. by banning the observance of the Passover Answer: B Difficulty: Medium Page: 168-169 43. Melania the Younger A. urged Diocletian to persecute Christians.

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B. was regarded as a model of Christian holiness because of her dedication to celibacy and the foundation of monasteries. C. was the wife of the Visigoth king who sacked Rome, and was noted for her rapacity. D. was the most famous and influential of the high priestesses of the Serapis cult. Answer: B Difficulty: Easy Page: 169-170 44. In City of God , Augustine argued that even though the city of Rome had been sacked by the Visigoths, Christians should A. not worry, since the city would be rebuilt. B. focus on the worthiness of their own souls because the faithful would dominate at the end of time. C. despair, since this was God’s punishment. D. work together with the pagans to build the perfect civil society. Answer: B Difficulty: Hard Page: 167-168 45. St. Augustine’s attitude toward sexuality was that it was A. an aspect of original sin that humans were born with and must keep constant vigil against. B. an expression of God’s love for the pleasure between men and women. C. only proper with a prostitute, and should be avoided between husband and wife. D. only to be expressed between man and man or woman and woman. Answer: A Difficulty: Easy Page: 169 46. Which of the following was NOT an aspect of the growing monastic movement? A. escape from the growing social and economic chaos of late antiquity B. living lives of self-denial in order to concentrate on spiritual values C. to save money to be used when the empire returned to prosperity D. to find shared spiritual values in a communal society of Christians Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 169 47. Relics of holy people and saints were so important to early Christians that A. people believed the remains of martyrs contained sacred powers of salvation. B. they associated their own resurrection of the flesh with the bodies of martyrs. C. a lucrative trade in relics arose, and each church wanted to have relics in their altars. D. the Shroud of Turin was stolen by criminal speculators. Answer: C Difficulty: Easy Page: 171

48. In search of spiritual perfection, many early Christians A. fled to the desert to live as hermits. B. undertook self-denial, living on minimal food and sleep. C. formed monastic communities. D. All these answers are correct. Answer: D Difficulty: Easy Page: 171 TRUE/FALSE 49. Mark Antony deserted his wife Octavia, Octavian’s sister, for Cleopatra of Egypt. Answer: True Page: 138-139 50. Augustus was made ruler of the empire, but unfortunately had little money and had to depend on the Senate for funding. Answer: False Page: 139 51. Augustus refused to allow Romans to worship him as a god. Answer: True Page: 142 52. Augustus’s successors of his own family were good rulers both professionally and personally. Answer: False Page: 142 53. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was also a noted Stoic philosopher, who wrote a book called Meditations . Answer: True Page: 143 54. Roman roads were so well-built that it was cheaper to send goods by land than by sea. Answer: False Page: 147 55. Many public buildings throughout the empire were built with money from private philanthropists or the emperor. Answer: True Page: 147 56. Under the influence of Roman rule, the Greek language died out in the Hellenistic eastern Mediterranean. Answer: False

Page: 148 57. In the late empire, the army became the king-makers, leading to instability and frequent changes in imperial rule. Answer: True Page: 152 58. When Diocletian came to power in 285, he believed the emperor had become too strong, and he re-established the democratic assemblies. Answer: False Page: 153 59. Many mystery cults promised a better afterlife to people disenchanted with the problems of the late empire. Answer: True Page: 157 60. At the time of Jesus, the Jews were united religiously, politically, and socially. Answer: False Page: 158-159 61. The apostle Peter agreed with Paul that only circumcised Jews should be admitted to fellowship with the Christian community. Answer: False Page: 161 62. The destruction of the Temple ended many major divisions within Judaism. Answer: True Page: 162 63. Early depictions of Christ as the Good Shepherd show him as a simple peasant, but after the church became official and acquired wealth, he was depicted in the royal purple cloth of emperors. Answer: True Page: 165 64. The Council of Nicaea upheld Arius’s ideas on Christ. Answer: False Page: 167 65. St. Augustine and other Christian leaders taught that the new Christian state was not incompatible with the church, but should be active in supporting and protecting it. Answer: True Page: 167-168 66. Melania the Younger argued that Christians should not practice celibacy.

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Answer: False Page: 169-170 67. A major influence of the monastic ideal on the lives of everyday Christians was to teach that Christian lives should be modest and simple, avoiding too much comfort and pleasure. Answer: True Page: 171 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK 68. The Second Triumvirate consisted of Lepidus, Antony, and ________. Answer: Octavian Page: 138 69. ________ was the Queen of Egypt who had a relationship with both Caesar and Antony. Answer: Cleopatra Page: 138 70. As emperor, Octavian is usually known as ________, the title given him by the Senate. Answer: Augustus Page: 138 71. ________ was the author of the epic poem, the Aeneid . Answer: Virgil Page: 142 72. The last emperor of Augustus’s family, ________, slit his throat to avoid being captured and executed, saying, “How ugly and vulgar my life has become.” Answer: Nero Page: 143 73. ________, one of the Five Good Emperors, was a Stoic philosopher. Answer: Marcus Aurelius Page: 143 74. The main structure at Rome for the display of gladiator fights and mass criminal executions was the ________. Answer: Colosseum Page: 151 75. The North African general who became emperor and transformed the Roman government into a military dictatorship was ________. Answer: Septimius Severus Page: 152

76. ________ adopted the title “lord” and attempted to control prices, wages, professions, and worship. Answer: Diocletian Page: 153-154 77. The emperor ________ built a new capital of Rome in the East. Answer: Constantine Page: 156 78. The western empire declined politically and economically, and many people sought refuge on great landed estates called ________. Answer: latifundia Page: 156 79. Rome was plundered in 410 by a Germanic tribe, the ________. Answer: Visigoths Page: 156 80. The mystery cult that appealed to soldiers, and whose followers were exclusively men, was ________. Answer: Mithraism Page: 157 81. Many followers believed Jesus to be the ________, or a savior to the Jews. Answer: Messiah Page: 160 82. The apostle ________ was primarily responsible for carrying the message of Christ to the Gentiles throughout the empire. Answer: Paul Page: 161 83. The emperor ________ carried out the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, following the Jewish revolt in 70. Answer: Titus Page: 161 84. The emperor who extended toleration to Christianity, supported the church, and was eventually baptized on his death bed was ________. Answer: Constantine Page: 164-165 85. An early Christian who was famous for her insistence on celibacy and who founded many religious communities was ________ the Younger. Answer: Melania Page: 169-170

86. The church father who defined the nature of the church and its relationship to the world in his work, City of God , was ________. Answer: Augustine Page: 167-168 87. A ________ is a physical part of a saint’s body or clothing, or anything associated with a saint or holy person. Answer: relic Page: 171 ESSAY 88. What methods did Augustus use to rule as emperor and yet maintain an image of republican freedom? 89. What factors led to the corruption of the imperial administration? Use some examples, citing particular emperors. 90. What were some of the factors that held such an ethnically diverse empire together? 91. What problems did the Roman Empire face between the time of the Five Good Emperors and Diocletian, and how did these problems affect the stability of the empire? 92. What were some of the methods Diocletian and Constantine used to stop the decline of the empire, and how could some of these actually be causes of decline? 93. What were the basic teachings of Jesus, and how did these come into conflict with the religious and political authorities of Judea? 94. Explain the differences between the leaders of early Christianity about including gentiles in their faith, and how it was finally resolved. 95. How did asceticism become a part of Christian life, and what effect did it have on the development of Christianity? 96. Discuss how local municipal council control, Romanization, the army, and the central administration of the emperor worked together to maintain the Pax Romana for 200 years. What social, economic and demographic problems were not solved during the period of greatest prosperity, and how they might have threatened the future of the empire? 97. In what ways, and why, did the government of Diocletian differ from the government of Augustus? What occurred between their reigns to account for the differences?

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98. What were the religious and philosophical movements that competed with Christianity during the first centuries after Christ? What did Christianity have that caused it to triumph? 99. The adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire created profound transformations in both the early Christian church and the empire itself. Review these changes and consider which might have the longest-standing impact on the future of Western culture.

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