ASSIGNMENT 1- 301216012

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Dec 6, 2023

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Sarahi Huerta Galindo shuertag@my.centennialcollege.ca 301216012 GNED 410 (002) Treaty 11 ASSIGNMENT 1 Numbered Treaties Research

 Which Treaty did you choose to study for this assignment and why? What year was this Treaty signed? Who were the signatories on this Treaty? What were their names? What was their Indigenous cultural background and what Indigenous communities were they a part of? I choose treaty 11 because this treaty covers large territories, known today as Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and I am interested in those territories since I have none or zero information about these provinces and I’m interested to get to know more about these places. The 11 th of the treaties, is the last of the treaties that were signed between the government of Canada and First Nations and was signed on August 22, 1921 by The Crown and the Chief Monfwi, who was representing Dehcho, Tł ch , Sahtu and Gwich'in people. ı̨ o  Please describe where the Treaty is located geographically in Canada. What Province(s) does it cover and what is the land like there? Are there any other significant geographical or environmental features you feel need to be noted about this Treaty (ex: bodies of water, climate, topography)? The last treaty is in Northwest Territories, most of the Mackenzie District is covered. At this location runs the largest river in Canada, the Mackenzie River. The federal government was hesitant to draw any conclusions because the terrain in the area was deemed unsuitable for agriculture. But the government proceeded to start treaty as soon as they discovered that oil was found at Fort Norman in 1920.  When did the Crown and Indigenous nations enter into (or begin the) negotiating process for this particular treaty and when did it end? What was happening in Canada at the time of its signing, and why might this be important? Political and economic pressures led to the creation of Treaty 11. Major oil resources in the Mackenzie region had been known to exist since the late 1880s, exploratory drilling was growing, it was referred to as the "Biggest Oil Field in the World" by Canadian newspapers. Even though the property had not yet been transferred, politicians started debating the best method to utilize this resource. Henry Anthony Conroy, a Treaty 8 supporter who had long pushed for the treaty's expansion to the part North of Canada, wrote to Deputy Superintendent

General of Indian Affairs Duncan Campbell Scott in 1920 to persuade for the creation of a new treaty.  Was the oral interpretation of this treaty different from the written interpretation and why does this matter? Please describe what you understand the terms of the Treaty to be; what agreement was made between the signatories (the Crown and Indigenous Nations) as a part of the terms of this Treaty? For example, what are the land allotments for both signing parties? What are the food allotments? What are the housing and medical agreements? Were there other agreements for clothing, weapons, or other trade items? What was agreed to about Indigenous hunting and fishing rights on the treaty lands? Treaty 11 was like the previous Numbered Treaties signed before, in that it exchanged territory for money, supplies, reserves, and other assurances. In a reserve, one square mile of land was to be set aside for every family of five, with the amount of additional or restricted territory depending on the size of each household. If necessary, the government may seize a portion of these reserves for public purposes, such as building roads, in exchange for payment. Signatories were granted the right to hunt, trap, and fish, subject to governmental limits and the necessity to use those areas for settlement or development. The government committed to paying teachers' wages to educate the children said manners as “His Majesty’s government may deem advisable.” (Tesar, 2016) Looking at this Treaty today, have there been elements of the Treaty that were not properly honored by the non-Indigenous signatories (The Crown/Canada)? If you research for current information about this Treaty today, are there any current settlement agreements still in court about this Treaty or have any modern settlements been made concerning this Treaty in the past 50 years? Indigenous leaders agreed to sign what they thought was a treaty of friendship and peace with the belief that their rights to trap, hunt, and fish on their ancestral lands would be safeguarded. While this was going on, the government of Canada sought to seize control of the area to conduct mining and oil and gas exploration. The original treaty signed in 1921 served the Dominion's interests by allowing them to exploit natural resources that aren't renewable in order to benefit society (Zoe, 2022).

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 You are asked to locate one image related to this Treaty that shows the contemporary Treaty boundaries on a map. Please cite the image and include a small summary of what the image depicts. Figure 1extrated from https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100022857/1617205117407 The Northwest Territories are bordered by Yukon to the west, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Nunavut to the south, and Nunavut to the east. Many islands in the northern territories are located high above the Arctic Circle. Southwest of this line lies the northernmost part of the Canadian boreal forest (also known as taiga), which extends westward to the mountain ranges that border Yukon. The Mackenzie River travels through the Northwest Territories from Great Slave Lake to the Beaufort Sea, making it the biggest river in Canada. REFERENCES Piper, & Marsh. (2006). Mackenzie River . The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mackenzie-river Modern Treaties in Canada: A One Hour Course → A Closer Look at a Historical Treaty: The Story of Treaty 11 - Land Claims Coalition . (n.d.).

https://landclaimscoalition.ca/course/modern-treaties-in-canada/lessons/mte-a-closer- look-at-a-historical-treaty-the-story-of-treaty-11/ Rea. (2023, May 23). Northwest Territories | History, Facts, Map, & Flag . Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Northwest-Territories/People Tesar. (2016). Treaty 11 | The Canadian Encyclopedia . https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-11 Government of Canada; Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. (2023, June 7). Northwest Territories region . https://www.rcaanc- cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100022857/1617205117407 Monfwi Signs Treaty 11 | Tlicho History . (n.d.). https://tlichohistory.ca/en/stories/monfwi-signs- treaty-11#:~:text=On%20August%2022%2C%201921%2C%20Chief,education%20and %20old%20age%20care.

ASSIGNMENT 1- 301216012

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