Online Comprehension Q's

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1.THE MEXICAN WAR. Document 80. John L. O’Sullivan, Manifest Destiny (1845). Choose one: (a) What connection does O’Sullivan see between manifest destiny and the idea of American freedom? Response: The connection that John L O'Sullivan sees between manifest destiny and the idea of American freedom is that he thinks by expanding there will be more land for the people of the country, and essentially more room to be able to industrialize and grow crops. 2. THE MEXICAN WAR. “President James K. Polk and Fulfillment of Manifest Destiny” Given what was developing in U.S.-Mexican relations at that time, why might it have been somewhat risky for President Polk to (probably) bluff the British in their negotiations over the Pacific Northwest with the implication that he was an ardent proponent of the “Fifty-four forty or fight!” sentiment that was popular among some Americans of that day? (The answer isn’t in the text; you have to hypothesize for this one.) Response: Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds. 3. THE MEXICAN WAR. “President James K. Polk and Fulfillment of Manifest Destiny” What was at the heart of the dispute with Mexico? Response: The immediate cause of the Mexican-American War was a disputed boundary between the United States and Texas on the Nueces Strip. Mexico did not recognize Texas as legitimate American territory and Texas admission to the United States antagonized Mexican officials and citizens. 4. THE MEXICAN WAR. “President James K. Polk and Fulfillment of Manifest Destiny” How did Representative Abraham Lincoln challenged Polk’s justification for the war with Mexico? Response: In this document, Representative Lincoln questioned President Polk's justification, asking “whether the particular spot of soil on which the blood of our citizens was so shed, was, or was not, our own soil.” Congress did not pursue Lincoln's questions, and the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. 5. THE OSTEND MANIFESTO. In what way was the Ostend Manifesto a pro-Southern position?

Response: The Manifesto left unstated the desire to revise the Armistice measures in a more pro-Southern direction by bringing in a new slave state to balance out free California, but that kind of thing would be of less interest to the Spanish or other European powers than to men like Soulé and Jefferson Davis. 6. THE OSTEND MANIFESTO. Is the following political cartoon FOR or AGAINST the Ostend Manifesto? Response: Yes it does because, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S. 7. PERRY’S MISSION TO JAPAN. “The Alien Barbarians” part 1. How did Commodore Perry respond when he was ordered to depart Edo Bay? Response: Upon seeing Perry's fleet sailing into their harbor, the Japanese called them the "black ships of evil mien." Many leaders wanted the foreigners expelled from the country, but in 1854 a treaty was signed between the United States and Japan which allowed trade at two ports. 8. PERRY’S MISSION TO JAPAN. “The Alien Barbarians” part 2. How did Perry’s arrival cause apprehension among the authorities in Japan? Response: Perry, on behalf of the U.S. government, forced Japan to enter into trade with the United States and demanded a treaty permitting trade and the opening of Japanese ports to U.S. merchant ships. 9. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. “American Civil War from the European Perspective” In what way did Emperor Napoleon III of France view the American Civil War as an opportunity for French interests? Response: Napoleon III saw the American war as an opportunity for France to regain international influence in the world. 10. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. The Trent Affair. If the North had handled the Trent Affair differently, how could it have ended up working significantly to the advantage of the Confederacy?

Response: The Trent affair confirmed that the British were willing to defend their position of neutrality in the American Civil War, a position that both the Union and the Confederacy had hoped to change. 11. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. Cotton Diplomacy. What was the Confederate rationale behind cotton diplomacy? Why didn’t it work? Response: The Confederacy believed that both Britain and France, who before the war depended heavily on Southern cotton for textile manufacturing, would support the Confederate war effort if the cotton trade were restricted. 12. FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR. “The Confederacy and Great Britain” Why was the U.S. able to secure payment for certain damages from Britain after the war? Response: A levy on a defeated country forcing it to pay some of the war costs of the winning countries. Reparations were levied on the Central Powers after World War I to compensate the Allies for some of their war costs. 13. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. Young Theodore Roosevelt. How did his father’s decisions during the Civil War likely impact Theodore Roosevelt’s perspectives later in life? Response: Theodore Sr. was an active supporter of the Union during the Civil War. He was one of the Charter Members of the Union League Club, which was founded to promote the Northern cause. In contrast this made his son feel an early critique of World War I neutrality, a proponent of military preparedness, and critical of President Woodrow Wilson's reluctance to declare war against Germany. 14. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. “Theodore Roosevelt: Warmonger” How does this clip illustrate that Theodore Roosevelt was no isolationist. Response: This clip illustrates that Theodore Roosevelt was no isolationist because he was most definitely not afraid to strike at someone who striked at him first. He said “It was my one chance to do something for my country”. He had to strike on people in war. 15. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. “Spanish-American War” How did racial realities in Cuba complicate many Americans’ enthusiasm for Cuban independence? Response: The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain.

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16. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. “The Rough Riders in Cuba” The clip recounts how “a friend of Roosevelt's, but not an uncritical one, wrote to Roosevelt congratulating him on the publication of The Rough Riders, and said, ‘But I would urge you to rename it, Alone in Cuba.’" How might that biting sarcasm be somewhat insightful into Roosevelt’s mindset and personal motivations? Response: It shows an insight into Roosevelt's mindset because he was a very competitive man and did not want to lose. The sarcasm can be shown when he mentions the fact that they should rename it. Is he kidding or is it sarcastic? 17. PANAMA CANAL. “Speak Softly” How does this clip illustrate how Roosevelt was not an isolationist? Response: This shows he was not an isolationist because he is negotiating peacefully but also having strength in case things go wrong. Simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military, ties in heavily with the idea of Realpolitik, which implies a pursuit of political power that resembles Machiavellian ideals. 18. PANAMA CANAL. “Theodore Roosevelt and the Panama Canal” Explain the context for this exchange: "The people of the isthmus [of Panama]," Roosevelt would claim, "rose literally as one man." "Yes," said a senate critic, "and that man was Roosevelt." Response: The context from this exchange was that Roosevelt was the leader and helper in panama. When he says “they rose as one man” they are talking about Roosevelt. 19. AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES. Document 116. Josiah Strong (1885). Choose one: (a) How does Strong justify the idea of world domination by Anglo-Saxons? (b) What does he believe “inferior” races need to do to avoid extinction? (c) How can Strong’s notions from the 1880s be viewed as a preview of the kinds of justifications that would later be presented for U.S. involvement in the Philippines? Response: He uses religion saying Anglo saxons were being trained by God for survival in this world, making them stronger than everyone else.

20. U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES. “Resistance to American Imperialism in the Philippine Islands” What prompted Filipino resistance to the American presence in the Philippines? Response: The fighting with Filipino rebels began as a result of the U.S. refusal to include the Filipino nationalists in negotiations over the future of the Philippines. The Philippines were ceded to the United States by Spain for $20 million by the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898. 21. U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES. Document 117. Emilio Aguinaldo on American Imperialism in the Philippines (1899). Choose one: (a) Elaborate on the arguments that you think would have been made at the time to defend Aguinaldo’s position. (b) Elaborate on the arguments that you think would have been made at the time to criticize Aguinaldo’s position. Response: Unwilling to accept Aguinaldo's ascension to power, I would challenge his rival, and ultimately he was arrested, brought to trial, convicted, and executed. That last event, Bonifacio's execution in May 1897, continues to haunt Filipinos up to the present. 22. THE GREAT WHITE FLEET. “Theodore Roosevelt Wins the Nobel Peace Prize” This clip mentions one of Roosevelt’s predictions – what? Response: He predicts that Japan will make up another war, taking into account that we had the Philippines which is what they wanted most. When it comes he will win over japan he predicts it will be a very disastrous conflict at most. 23. THE GREAT WHITE FLEET. The Great White Fleet. In what way was the Circumnavigation of the Great White Fleet an act of foreign policy? Response: T he Great White Fleet was the result of Theodore Roosevelt's determination to build a modern navy and flex American military muscle. Its global voyage was a showcase of American naval power. 24. WORLD WAR I. “5 Key Causes of WWI” Summarize one of the causes of WWI. Response:. Nationalism: Much of the origin of the war was based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria Hungary but instead be part of Serbia.In this way, nationalism led directly to the War. But in a more

general way, the nationalism of the various countries throughout Europe contributed not only to the beginning but the extension of the war in Europe. Each country tried to prove their dominance and power 25. WORLD WAR I. “Wilson’s Declaration of Neutrality” Why was Woodrow Wilson apprehensive about the potential of American involvement in the conflict? Response: His neutral stance and lack of involvement in foreign matters have been attributed to his religious upbringing and academic background. A devout Christian, Wilson did not believe God was calling him to enter World War I, so he attempted to keep the United States out of the conflict. 26. WORLD WAR I. “The Myth of Neutrality” One of the historians in the clip mentions: “Neutrality is almost always a fiction. In this case, the fiction was that the United States was neutral in word and deed. Nonsense. The United States tilted towards the allies from the very beginning.” How so? Response: Defined as the legal status arising from the abstention of a state from all participation in a war between other states, the maintenance of an attitude of impartiality toward the belligerents, and the recognition by the belligerents of this abstention and impartiality. 27. WORLD WAR I. “Woodrow Wilson, Theodore Roosevelt, and WWI” How do Wilson and Roosevelt differ on their views about what the American role should be at this point? Response: Wilson was a liberal and did not favor intervention, while Roosevelt was a conservative. Wilson wanted to tax the big banks, while Roosevelt supported strong tariffs. Wilson was a Democrat, while Roosevelt was a Democrat in his first term but later ran as an independent candidate. 28. WORLD WAR I. “The United States Enters World War I” According to the historian David Kennedy, what was the “calculated risk” that the Germans were willing to take? Response: Many historians today agree that Germany wanted to start the war. The German leaders felt that they were being surrounded by enemies (France, Russia) and that war was going to happen eventually. They felt that the sooner the war occurred, the better chance Germany had to win. 29. WORLD WAR I. “America Goes to War” How was U.S. entry into the conflict

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ultimately instrumental to the Allied victory? Response: Instead, America's entry changed the course of the war. In addition to troops, the United States provided arms, tanks, ships, fuel and food to its friends. This aid helped the Allies win. 30. WORLD WAR I. “A Postwar Vision in Fourteen Points” Woodrow Wilson believed the end of the war offered a chance for the international community to make some significant changes that could minimize the chance that future conflicts of this sort could break out. What developments in Russia might have suggested to him that the war had opened the door for dramatic changes, for better or worse, to take place? Response: 31. WORLD WAR I. “Fourteen Points” Identify at least one of the principles that seems to be underpinning Wilson’s vision in the Fourteen Points. Response: Wilson's proposal called for the victorious Allies to set unselfish peace terms with the vanquished Central Powers of World War I, including freedom of the seas, the restoration of territories conquered during the war and the right to national self- determination in such contentious regions as the Balkans. 32. WORLD WAR I. “How America Became a Superpower” What opposition confronted Wilson’s vision for the postwar world? Response: Some of the earliest and most influential critics of Wilson's diplomacy were Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and Secretary of State Robert Lansing, individuals closely associated with the making of his foreign policy. 33. WORLD WAR I. “America Goes to War” How was U.S. entry into the conflict ultimately instrumental to the Allied victory? Response: Instead, America's entry changed the course of the war. In addition to troops, the United States provided arms, tanks, ships, fuel and food to its friends. This aid helped the Allies win. 34. THE BLACK HILLS WAR. What was the strategy of the U.S. Army in its campaign against the Lakota (that is, the Sioux)?

Response: The cause of the war was the desire of the US government to obtain ownership of the Black Hills. Gold had been discovered in the Black Hills, settlers began to encroach onto Native American lands, and the Sioux and the Cheyenne refused to cede ownership. 35. THE BLACK HILLS WAR. One commentator says that Custer’s Last Stand was in a lot of ways the Last Stand for Native American people. What might he mean by this statement? Response: The demise of Custer and his men outraged many white Americans and confirmed their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty. Meanwhile, the U.S. government increased its efforts to subdue the tribes. Within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne would be confined to reservations. 36. THE NEZ PERCE. Document 108. Chief Joseph, “Let Me Be a Free Man” (1879). What are Chief Joseph’s main complaints about the treatment of his people? Response: In 1877, Chief Joseph led his people on a 1,700-mile journey in an effort to escape to Canada after white settlers encroached upon their land. This is why Chief Joseph argued that the white men had treated his people like "outlaws" and hunted them down like "animals".

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