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Q1. How did the Great War for Empire change the relationship between England and its
American colonies?
The French and Indian War, or the Seven years' war, also known as the Great War, took place in
North America. The Great war began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. As a
result, Great Britain gained considerable territory in North America. Due to the cost of the war,
the British government endeavors to regulate trade and impose taxes on commonly used items.
Still, disagreement over following the policies and how to pay for the cost of the war led to
colonial people feeling unhappy and unjust, which ultimately led to the American Revolution.
There were many political policies changed by the end of the war. The Proclamation of 1763
prohibited white colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. Even though Britain
thought this would preclude further conflict, it turned the colonists even angrier because they
felt denied their right to be free, so they disregarded the Proclamation. It was one of the first
times of a significant disagreement about what was best for the colonies and the British
government, and the relationship between the two would never be the same.
The war doubled the British national. Paying the interest alone was over half the federal budget,
and having military force in North America was draining for the British government. So, the
British government began to raise taxes at home. For instance, Prime Minister John Stuart, who
was an influential member of the aristocracy and well represented in Parliament, resisted
raising land taxes, so the lower classes had a more considerable tax burden in the form of higher
trade restrictions. These restrictions inflated the prices of imported items like sugar and
tobacco, but they disrupted the economy of the American colonies, which was called the Sugar
Act of 1764. Because of the short supply, colonist finances were tight, leading the colonists'
economic activity to greater British control. Lastly, in 1764, Prime Minister Grenville presented
the Currency Act of 1764, which prohibited the colonies from printing additional paper money
and required colonists to pay British merchants in gold and silver instead. This act standardized
the currency used in Atlantic trade, and a logical reform was organized to help stabilize the
Empire's economy.
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Proclamation of 1763". Encyclopedia Britannica, 6
Dec. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/event/Proclamation-of-1763. Accessed 23 February
2022.
Janssen, Volker et al. "U.S. History".
Https://Openstax.Org/Books/Us-History@12.30/Pages/1-
Introduction
, 2014, https://openstax.org/books/us-history@12.30/pages/5-1-confronting-the-
national-debt-the-aftermath-of-the-french-and-indian-war.
Q2. Why was the Constitution a controversial document even as it was being written?
In 1786, James Madison from Virginia advocated a meeting of states to address the economic
problems that troubled nationwide in Annapolis, Maryland. However, the convention failed
because only five states' delegates showed up. In 1787, the second convention was authorized
by the confederation congress in Philadelphia. All the states send representatives to
Philadelphia for this convention except Rhode Island. The representatives' pursuit was to amend
the Articles of Confederation. However, instead of amending, they decided to write a new
framework because fixing the problems of the Articles of Confederation would require a series
of lengthy debates.
The written document of the constitution of the United States is technically considered illegal as
the Constitutional Convention commission would propose the Articles of Confederation first to
be amended before it is drafted. The representatives were cautious and uncertain about this, so
the convention was closed to the public.
However, the ideas were divided into the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. The federalists
mainly argued that the Constitution didn't need a Bill of Rights because it would limit the rights
of the people, as opposed to protecting them. The anti-federalists were concerned that the
Constitution would threaten the abilities of each state to make their own decisions and
compress all the power in a national government. It was similar to the British government they
were trying to run away from.
Another major issue at the Constitutional Convention was the question of slavery. Slaveholders
wanted enslaved residents to be counted along with White people, termed "free inhabitants" in
a state's total population. When the Second Continental Congress asked states to collect the
taxes for war, the amount each state had to deliver in tax was determined by a state’s total
population, including both free and enslaved individuals. Some states were routinely short of
the money that Congress requested. In April 1783, the Confederation Congress amended the
requisition by having the enslaved population count as three-fifths of the White population.
Representation in the House of Representatives was based on the number of state people;
three-fifths compromise balanced the political power.
Janssen, Volker et al. "7.4 The Constitutional Convention And Federal Constitution".
Openstax
,
2014, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/7-4-the-constitutional-convention-and-
federal-constitution.
"The Debate For The United States Constitution".
Constitutionfacts.Com
,
https://www.constitutionfacts.com/us-articles-of-confederation/the-great-debate/.
Smith, George. "Smith Discusses Some Major Controversies Provoked By The Debate Over
Ratification Of The U.S. Constitution.".
Libertarianism.Org
, 2017,
https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/constitutional-controversies.
Q3. Why did women's issues suddenly become so prominent in American culture?
In early 1800, many reform efforts were happening in the United States, such as awakening
religion and individualism, antebellum communal experiments, human health reforms,
addressing slavery, and women's rights. It was mainly for those who longed for an equal society
and established ideological communities. Thus, abolitionists who worked to end slavery and
create a multiracial society of equals used the moral argument to emphasize the iniquity of
slavery. Also, the same efforts worked as a milestone for women to act against gender inequality
because women, especially northern women, didn't feel much different from enslaved people
when in a society dominated by men. Women were held to the traditional gender role
expectation. They couldn't control their incomes, collect debts, or right of inheritance on top of
minimal property ownership rights and legal authority.
Women had different life experiences based on their social class. The dominant ideology was
called Republican Motherhood for middle and upper-class white women who expected to
educate their children to be better for the new country. The other dominant ideology on gender
roles was separate reals where women were to raise and take care of children and home while
men worked, such as trading, business, or governing. However, women could participate in
public life, such as biblical injunctions against women speaking. For example, in 1837, the
Grimke sisters, now are first nationally known white American females, joined the abolitionist
movement and launched a public lecture tour, which later became a turning point. William
Garrison, who promoted women's rights by his papers, supported the sisters' public lectures.
The Grimke sisters played a significant role in uniting the fight to end slavery to achieve female
equality.Also, Isabella Baumfree, well-known as Sojourner Truth, was free from slavery in 1826
sued a white person to gain freedom for her son. She was the first Black female to win a lawsuit
and was not afraid to question the overall notions for the rights. She dedicated the rest of her
life to triumph the causes of abolition and women's rights. She gave a speech at the Women's
Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, in 1851.
In her speech, "I have as much muscle as any man and can do as much work as any man. I have
plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed, and can any man do more than that?
I have heard much about the sexes being equal; I can carry as much as any man and can eat as
much too if I can get it. I am strong as any man that is now…I can't read, but I can hear. I have
heard the Bible and have learned that Eve caused a man to sin. Well, if a woman upset the
world, do give her a chance to set it right side up again." explained how unfair it was for women
to live in that time.
Janssen, Volker et al. "13-5-Womens-Rights".
Openstax
, 2014,
https://openstax.org/books/us-
history@12.30/pages/13-5-womens-rights
.
"Woman Suffrage Timeline (1840-1920)".
History Of U.S. Woman's Suffrage
,
http://www.crusadeforthevote.org/woman-suffrage-timeline-18401920
.
Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Women's Participation in Public Life in the Early 1800s." ThoughtCo, Feb.
16, 2021, thoughtco.com/women-in-1800s-4141147.
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Q4. How did plantation crops and the slavery system change between 1800 and 1860? Why
did these changes occur?
During the 1800’s many different events accrued that would affect plantation crops and
slavery systems. During this time, the Civil War was fought, Lincoln was elected President,
and the emancipation proclamation was written and signed. After all these events, the
Industrial Revolution happened. Before the revolution, in 1787, there was almost no cotton
growing in the United States, but after the War of 1812, a massive increase in production
resulted in call cotton boom. Due to the cotton growth, the southern slaveholder needed
more enslaved people to work in the field to harvest, leading to more enslaved laborers. As a
result, southern planters produce two-thirds of the global supply. The entire cotton
production was done by slavery, from weeding and picking the crops. They would fill their
sacks as many times as they could, and they would get lashed to work as quickly as possible.
The slavery system had become even more brutal and intense.
During the Industrial Revolution, Eli Whitney built an effective and efficient machine to
remove the seeds from cotton plants, called the cotton gin. The cotton gin could produce
mass quantities cheaply compared to handpicking, which could help the planters earn
greater profits. However, his invention had the by-product of increasing the number of
enslaved people picking cotton, giving Southerners more power to argue for enslavement.
The Industrial Revolution allowed the mass production of textiles, and enslaved people
became a valued resource.
During the Era of the Reconstruction period, sharecropping was implemented. Sharecropping
was a system in which people had to pay rent on land to farm with their crops as much as
half of the harvest, which caused a never-ending debt cycle. It was to prevent Black people
from gaining financial ground and keeping the cheap labor. By the end of slavery, it made the
transition to wage labor. Although they had become freed people, they had no money, farm
supplies, or other necessities.
Janssen, Volker et al. "12.1 The Economics Of Cotton".
Https://Openstax.Org/Books/Us-
History@12.30/Pages/1-Introduction
, 2014,
https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/12-1-
the-economics-of-cotton
.
Janssen, Volker et al. "Summary".
Https://Openstax.Org/Books/Us-History@12.30/Pages/1-
Introduction
, 2014, https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/16-summary.
Ian Beamish et al., “The Cotton Revolution,” Andrew Wegmann, ed., in
The American Yawp
, eds.
Joseph Locke and Ben Wright (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2018),
https://www.americanyawp.com/text/11-the-cotton-revolution/
Kelly, Martin. "Historical Significance of the Cotton Gin." ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021,
thoughtco.com/the-cotton-gin-in-american-history-104722.
Question 1
(25 points)
Saved
Please respond to one of the following:
1.
Explain why there were no major witchcraft scares in the
Chesapeake colonies and no uprising like Bacon's Rebellion in New
England. Consider the possible social, economic, and religious
causes of both phenomena.
2. What made Native American peoples vulnerable to conquest by
European adventurers?
3. What was the role of the colonies in the British mercantilist
system?
4. How did the Great War for Empire change the relationship
between England and its American colonies?
Question 2
(25 points)
Saved
Please respond on one of the following:
1.
The narrative suggests that the war for American independence
was not inevitable, that the British empire could have been saved.
Do you agree? At what point during the imperial crisis was peaceful
compromise possible?
2. Who was to blame for Britain's failure to win a quick victory over
the American rebels: General Howe, General Burgoyne, or the
ministers in London? Explain your answer.
3. Why did Britain switch to a Southern military strategy? Why did
that strategy ultimately fail?
4. Why was the Constitution a controversial document even as it
was being written?
Question 3
(25 points)
Saved
Please respond to one of the following:
1.
Weigh the relative importance of the Industrial and Market
revolutions in changing the American economy. In what ways was
the economy different in 1860 from what it had been in 1800? How
would you explain those differences?
2. In what ways did the emerging industrial economy conflict with
artisan republicanism? How did wage laborers respond to the new
economy?
3. Why did Protestant Christianity and Protestant women emerge as
forces for social change?
4. Why did women's issues suddenly become so prominent in
American culture?
Question 4
(25 points)
Saved
Please respond to the following:
1.
How did plantation crops and the slavery system change between
1800 and 1860? Why did these changes occur?
2. How did the abolitionists' proposals and methods differ from
those of earlier antislavery movements? Why did those proposals
and methods arouse such hostility in the South and in the North?
3. What was the relationship between the collapse of the Second
Party System of Whigs and Democrats and the Republican victory in
the election of 1860?
4. In 1860, the institution of slavery was firmly entrenched in the
United States; by 1865, it was dead. How did this happen? How did
Union policy toward slavery and enslaved people change over the
course of the war? Why did it change?
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