Chapter 13 Freedom on My Mind Review Q&A 1-5
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Latrice Wells
Dr. Abu Toure Hist 2224
November 16, 2023
Chapter 13 Freedom on My Mind: Review Q&A 1-5
1.
Describe the strategy behind the Double V campaign. How did it enable African Americans to protest their circumstances without risking accusations of disloyalty? African Americans protested discrimination in the US military, opposing the idea of being limited to small jobs and denied access to leadership positions. They also
protested the war due to its support of Japan, admiring the resistance of another marginalized ethnic group. Black leaders were concerned about these protests being seen as disloyalty to the US, but the goals of the Double V Campaign were to fight for democracy both overseas and on the home front. The strategy behind the double V campaign was to emphasize idea of “double victory.” This meant that African Americans sought victory not only in the battles fought abroad but also in the battle against racism at home by framing their fight for civil rights as an integral part of the larger war efforts, African Americans were able to protest their circumstances without risking accusations of disloyalty or unpatriotic behavior.
2.
How did wartime conditions, both in the service and on the home front, shed light
on the injustices and restrictions African American faced? How did black individuals and organizations address these challenges?
African Americans who supported the war were determined to defend their nation,
despite the bigotry and cruelty they experienced in the military and at home. They
enlisted, underwent training, but were often confined to lower-level roles with little or no leadership opportunities. Even those with more qualifications than white soldiers were outranked or demoted. African American female soldiers faced even worse treatment. As the country rallied behind the military and the war
effort, African Americans were asked to contribute their labor. The resignation of William Hastie, Secretary of War Henry Stimson's advisor on Negro affairs, highlighted these challenges. He voiced his objections to the mistreatment of black troops and criticized the War Department for adopting a segregationist approach reminiscent of the South.
3.
The combination of shared experiences, activism, the formation of all-black units,
cultural expression, and migration contributed to the promotion of black solidarity
and the development of a sense of blacks becoming a nation within a nation during the war:
Shared Experiences: African American soldiers faced similar challenges and discrimination within the military, such as segregation, limited opportunities for advancement, and racial violence. These shared experiences fostered a sense of unity and solidarity among black soldiers.
The Double V Campaign: The Double V Campaign, launched by the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper, called for victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home. This campaign highlighted the need to fight racism and inequality within the United States, rallying African Americans around a common cause.
Racial Activism: During the war, there was an increase in racial activism and civil rights organizations such as the NAACP. These organizations advocated for equality, voting rights, and an end to discriminatory practices, further promoting black solidarity.
Formation of All-Black Units: African Americans were often segregated into all-black units, such as the Tuskegee Airmen or the 761st Tank Battalion, which created a sense of camaraderie and fostered a collective identity among black soldiers.
Cultural Expression: African Americans embraced and celebrated their own cultural heritage during the war through music, art, and literature. This cultural expression became a source of pride and contributed to the sense of black identity and unity.
Migration to Northern Cities: The war led to an increase in migration of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the North and West. This concentration of black communities in cities like Detroit, Chicago, and Los Angeles allowed for the development of black-owned businesses, cultural institutions, and political organizations, further strengthening the sense of blacks as a nation within a nation.
4.
How did African Americans use the war to advance themselves politically socially
and culturally what were the results of their efforts?
Black leaders spoke out against discrimination in the military and expressed their oppression to being relegated to menial tasks such as peeling potatoes and washing dishes. They believe that African Americans should have equal opportunities for combat roles and leadership positions.
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5.
How did black migration affect the national Democratic Party? Most white southerners were Democrats, how did they react to the new concerns of their political party? White southerners, who were predominantly Democrats, reacted to these new concerns within their political party with resistance and hostility. They feared that the demands for civil rights by African Americans would undermine their own power and privilege in society. This led to tensions within the Democratic Party as
it grappled with how to address these changing dynamics.