Midterm Review Guide

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School

University of Southern Mississippi *

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102

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History

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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Uploaded by ElderStarShark36

HIS 102 Midterm Review Guide Possible Terms: Trade Winds – “Environmental Imperialism ” – A derogatory epithet alluding to what is perceived as a western strategy to influence the internal affairs of mostly developing nations in the name of environmentalism. Guanches – Indigenous inhabitants of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 kilometers (60 mi) west of the North African coast. “Columbian Exchange” – The exchange of goods and people between the Old World and the New World during the Age of Exploration. Martin Luther – Frederick the Elector – Most famous for building a strong standing army, with an elite officer corps. In 1668 he introduced the Prussian General Staff; it became the model in controlling an army for other European powers. Peace of Augsburg – Also called the Augsburg Settlement,[1] was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkalden League, signed in September 1555 at the imperial city of Augsburg. Religious Riots – Violence against religious institutions, people, objects, or events. Michel de Montaigne – Applies and illustrates his ideas concerning the independence and freedom of the self and the importance of social and intellectual intercourse. “People of the Book ” – Muslims believe that Jews and Christians have strayed from God's true faith but hold them in higher esteem than pagans and unbelievers. They call Jews and Christians the "People of the Book" and allow them to practice their own religions.

Millets – A highly varied group of small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food. Akbar the Great – Of the many emperors of the Mughal Empire, only Akbar is sometimes referred to as "the Great." This is because he tripled the size of the empire that he inherited from his grandfather and father, Babur and Humayun, respectively. Confucianism – One of the most influential religious philosophies in the history of China, and it has existed for over 2,500 years. It is concerned with inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values. “Filial Piety ” – An attitude of respect for parents and ancestors in societies influenced by Confucian thought. Francis Xavier – Absolutism – The acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. Versailles – A former royal residence built by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about 19 kilometers (12 mi) west of Paris, France. The palace is owned by the French Republic and since 1995 has been managed, under the direction of the French Ministry of Culture, by the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles. “Divine Right of Kings ” – The absolutist idea that a monarch's authority to rule comes directly from God and that he or she is not subject to any earthly authority. Nicolas Fouquet – English Civil Wa r – Charles II –

Thomas Hobbes – Believes that humans have no moral compass unless there are predetermined rules to say what actions are good or bad. There is no morality in the state of nature. There is no contract without an absolute power to enforce it. Therefore, justice only comes into existence when the sovereign is established. “Sugar Revolution ” – The seventeenth-century introduction of the whole plantation complex into the eastern Caribbean, including its technology, institutions, and the African slaves to do most of the work. Atlantic System – Involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas. The slave trade regularly used the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Indentured Servitude – Agreements between two parties about long-term work. Olaudah Equiano – Benin Bronzes – (Made of brass and bronze) are a group of sculptures which include elaborately decorated cast plaques, commemorative heads, animal and human figures, items of royal regalia, and personal ornaments. Third Estate – Storming of the Bastille – Occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents stormed and seized control of the medieval armory, fortress, and political prison known as the Bastille. Abraham Bishop – Toussaint Louverture – Inspired millions of free and enslaved people of African descent to seek freedom and equality throughout the Atlantic world. Helped to lead the only Atlantic slave society which successfully defeated its oppressors. Haitian Refugees in Philadelphia –

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Captain Swing – The mythical leader of the laboring rural poor who rose up to destroy threshing machines in England in 1830. The number of rural laborers in England had been swollen by the return of sailors and soldiers after the Battle of Waterloo (1815), as about 250,000 men were demobilized. De-skilling – Karl Marx – “Class Consciousness ” – The set of beliefs that a person holds regarding their social class or economic rank in society, the structure of their class, and their class interests. Possible Essay Themes: ~ Major differences between Protestantism and Catholicism: Catholics believe in transubstantiation - that the bread and wine are physically changed into the body and blood of Christ. In most Protestant churches, communion is seen as a memorial of Christ's death. The bread and wine do not change at all because they are symbols. ~ Reasons for Europe’s successful global expansion (Technology? Financial investment? Cultural Superiority? Environment?) : ~ Compare and contrast any two land empires and their responses to European encroachment (Incan; Ottoman; Mughal; China): ~ Compare and contrast Absolutism and Constitutionalism : The figures of the Age of Absolutism were primarily focused on maintaining their own power and control, while the figures of the Age of Constitutionalism were focused on limiting the power of the monarchs and protecting the rights of the people. ~ How did people who were excluded by the Rights of the French Revolution—women, “passive citizens,” “free people of color,” enslaved persons—claim and use those Rights for their own liberation? Discuss at least two groups.: