History 6 101

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History

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Feb 20, 2024

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Darlington-Anyanwu 1 Homework 6 1. What was the Second Triumvirate? How did Octavian emerge as the sole ruler of the empire? The Second Triumvirate was a political coalition created by three of the Roman Republic's most prominent individuals. The three men were Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. This alliance was developed to help each man further his political ambitions. The Triumvirate eventually disbanded after the death of Crassus (“The Second Triumvirate, 43-30 BC”). After Julius Caesar's passing, Octavian became the single ruler of Rome. Following Caesar's death, Octavian and Marc Antony engaged in a power war. At the Battle of Actium, Octavian triumphed after defeating Antony and Cleopatra (“The Second Triumvirate, 43-30 BC”). 2. What were the consequences of Rome's need to guard borders? The consequences of Rome's need to guard its borders were that the Roman state became increasingly militarized, with a large standing army often used to assert control over Rome's neighbors. Built fortifications along their borders made it difficult for them to develop their empire because they had to keep their border defenses strong. This resulted in a succession of conflicts that considerably increased Rome's might while also causing enormous suffering and loss of lives . 3. Describe Roman society during the Pax Romana. How did Roman law attempt to solve some of the social problems of the period? What social problems were ignored? Pax Romana, the time of relative peace and stability enjoyed by nearly 70 million Roman subjects beginning with the Principate of Augustus (27 BC) and ending with the death of Marcus Aurelius (AD 180) ( Gabriel, 2017). The Roman Empire was at its height, and the people enjoyed

Darlington-Anyanwu 2 a high standard of living. There was a strong sense of Roman identity, spreading Roman culture throughout the empire. Roman law and order-maintained stability and safety. Roman roads and infrastructure facilitated trade and transportation. The arts and sciences flourished, and it was a golden age for Rome. Roman law attempted to solve some of the social problems of the period by codifying the law and improving public access to it. Roman law was founded on natural law, which maintains that a higher rule governs all people. This higher law is based on reason and is discoverable by all people. Roman law was also founded on the principle of equality before the law, which ensured that everyone received equal treatment under the law. The Pax Romana overlooked some societal issues. Women were still not treated as equals to men, and slavery was still a reality. Poverty and inequality were also prevalent. While the poor got poorer, the rich got richer. 4. Review the relationship between the early Christians and the Roman authorities. How did Christianity move from persecuted sect to the religion of the Roman Empire? How did it spread? The relationship between early Christians and the Roman authorities was cooperation and mutual respect. Early Christians were not seen as a threat to the Roman Empire, and many early Christian leaders were Roman citizens. Early Christians could practice their faith openly and without fear of persecution. The Roman authorities even protected early Christians when other groups persecuted them. The development of Christianity from a persecuted sect to the main religion of the Roman Empire is a complex story. It involves political, social, and economic factors, as well as the personal faith of individuals. One of the essential factors in the rise of Christianity was the

Darlington-Anyanwu 3 personal faith of Emperor Constantine. Constantine saw a cross in the sky, which he took as a sign from the god of Christianity. He then converted to Christianity and declared it the empire's official religion. This made Christianity much more acceptable to the general population and gave it much political and economic power. Another critical factor was the growing social appeal of Christianity. Christianity offered a message of hope and salvation that appealed to many people, especially the poor and oppressed. Additionally, Christianity was much more tolerant of different cultures and beliefs than the Roman Empire was. This made it appealing to anyone seeking another way of life from the Roman way of life throughout the empire. It also had a significant economic impact on the kingdom. The Church was one of the largest landowners in the realm and had great wealth. This enabled the Church to assist the poor and needy while funding its expansion. Additionally, the Church used its economic power to influence the political decisions of the empire. As time went on, these and other factors helped turn Christianity from a persecuted sect to the main religion of the Roman Empire. The spread of Christianity was a complex process involving religious and political factors. On the spiritual side, Christianity offered a message of hope and salvation that appealed to many people. Additionally, Christianity was much more tolerant of different cultures and beliefs than the Roman Empire was. This made it attractive to people from all over the empire. On the political side, Emperor Constantine played a crucial role in the spread of Christianity. In 312 when Constantine famously received a vision of the Chi-Rho (cross) Christian sign in the sky and attributed his victory to Christ (Furtado,2006).He then converted to Christianity and declared it the empire's official religion. This made Christianity much more acceptable to the

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Darlington-Anyanwu 4 general population and gave it much political and economic power. These and other factors led to the development of Christianity, which went from being a persecuted sect to eventually becoming the dominant religion of the Roman Empire Work Cited Furtado, Peter. "York's Roman emperor: Peter Furtado previews a major exhibition opening in York at the end of the month." History Today , vol. 56, no. 3, Mar. 2006, p. 6. Gale

Darlington-Anyanwu 5 OneFile: World History , link.gale.com/apps/doc/A143580445/PPWH? u=sewe78962&sid=bookmark-PPWH&xid=f70a2b5d . Accessed 20 Oct. 2022. Gabriel, Richard A. "Pax Romana: War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World." Military History , vol. 34, no. 1, May 2017, p. 71. Gale OneFile: World History , link.gale.com/apps/doc/A485936682/PPWH?u=sewe78962&sid=bookmark- PPWH&xid=5a45842e . Accessed 20 Oct. 2022. “The Second Triumvirate, 43-30 BC.” Digital Maps of the Ancient World , 6 Apr. 2021, digitalmapsoftheancientworld.com/digital-maps/roman-republic/the-second-triumvirate- 43-30-bc/. Accessed 20 Oct. 2022.

History 6 101

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