Module 3 Homework(DONE)

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Feb 20, 2024

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Hellenistic Era Homework on the Romans plus some questions on the Greeks. 1. Marble statues cut in relief, the sculpted band in Fig. 2.34 represents a harmonious reconciliation of humanism, realism and idealism in the __ Classical ________ style of Golden Age Greece. (p 84) 2. Aeschylus introduced citizens of ___ Athens or all classes _________ to multiple players on the stage in the Theater of Dionysius, located on the south slope of the Acropolis. Music and dance animated the performances, where myths were enacted to mark seasonal change and rites of passage through the dramatic arts. (p. 104) 3. Leucippus and ______ Heraclitus ______ were original atomic theorists whose work helped inspire the quantum mechanics of the twentieth -century physicist Werner Heisenberg. (p. 77) 4. Aristotle posited that a force which might be immortal, the Unmoved ___ Mover ____, was a portion of the soul identified with reason (p. 101). He also referred to this force as “thought thinking of itself”, a supreme being ultimately responsible for the elements composing both the cosmos and the laws by which they operate. 5. The three generations of the cursed House of Atreus: Atreus l Agamemnon l Orestes Consider the goddess Athena breaking the jury deadlock in the murder trial of __ Wife of Troy ____ . Here, Aeschylus suggests

that divine justice alone can resolve the fate of a tragic hero, the principal subject of the Orestia, and break the curse on the House of Atreus. The Father of Greek Tragedy realizes that doing what is moral is painful, with self-knowledge coming only through suffering and, sometimes, supernatural aid. (p. 105) 6. In the late Fourth Century A.D, Augustine's reading of Scripture brings him into the Christian fold. He discovered much compatibility of Catholicism with his philosophical convictions derived from _ Plotinus ________ , a Hellenistic Greek philosopher raised in Roman Egypt and founder of the Neoplatonism, a strand of Plato’s thought which emerged in the Third Century A.D. Thus, Augustine, like the mature Plato, embraced the metaphysical concept of the immortal, immaterial nature of God the Creator. Plato and Plotinus taught that this life of sorrow is only a preparation for purer realms that await once we have parted with our bodies (p. 135) 7. 7. Consider the wardrobe change experienced by the Creator (p. 135). title characters in the Eumenides at the conclusion of a dramatic trilogy by __ Aeschylus _______, who invented the genre of telling a long story in three tragedies. Here they are given a new name (“The Kindly Ones”), and are provided with a respected, permanent home, as the Athenians embrace the principle of retributive justice alongside that of mercy in trying capital offenses. And their black robes? They are replaced by red ones. (p. 105) 8 8. In the Politics of __ Aristotle ________ (and elsewhere), a fully human life is only possible within a political community such as the polis . In the Greek city-states, he observed, reasonable men reason together as citizens, having the ability to rise beyond emotions, passions, and feelings. This is a

capacity lacking in the servile population, men whose habits reveal them to be natural-born slaves, the philosopher argued. (p. 101) 9. Apollo Belvedere (Fig. 2.36) represents the more animated, feminized, and self-conscious figural style of the Hellenistic era. In are the dynamic contrasts of light and dark, and a wide range of expressive details. Out are the austerity and rich simplicity of the High classical austerity, a style of earlier centuries. (free answer) 10. Consider Laocoon and his sons (Fig. 2.38). The doomed subjects display turbulence and anguish, attributes unknown in the dignified restraint of Hellenic statuary. The piece is a landmark in an age when Classical _ idealism_ ____ had already become an aspiration and style associated with the past. (pp 118-19)) 11. Imperator , Latin for “Conquering General,” was the title awarded to him. His book of Meditations forms a classic in Stoic literature. Reigning at the conclusion of the Pax Romana, this man on horseback modeled for future aspirants the wisdom and grandeur of an ancient leader and thinker. Name him: Marcus _ Marcus Aurelius __________ (133). 12. What purpose did the building program of Augustus serve? (p. 150) __ The building program served as visual propaganda and as a monumental gateway through which triumphant armies marched, often carrying the spoils of war. __________________________ _____________ 13. Consider the Aqueduct in the above question. What purpose did it serve? (p. 151) _ The aqueducts brought fresh water to Rome’s major cities._ ___________________________ 14. Who won the Third and final Roman Civil War with his naval victory at Actium in 31 B.C.? The various ships of the defeated enemy broke off engagement when the crews of one nationality after another fled the fighting piecemeal, just as

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had the Persian fleet at Salamis in 480 B.C. (pp 149-150) ___ Octavian_ _____ 15. Roman law was an evolving body of opinions on the nature and dispensations of justice. Magistrates cultivated the concept of __ Equity _________ , which put the spirit of the law before the letter of the law. (p. 136) _______________ ___________ 16. Inspired by the laws of __ Solon __________ in the Athens of 594 B.C., Romans published their first civil code, the Twelve Tables of Law, in 450 B.C. (p. 50) 17. Roman law emerged out of the practical need to rule a world state, not out of the dialectic between a __citizen ____ and his polis . (p. 73) Free answer. 18. The _ Etruscans _____________ were a people who lived in northwest Italy. From them the Romans acquired the arch, chariot racing and the toga. (p. 125) 19. The Roman Republic collapsed due to the ambitions of the ____ Army generals ______ . Their followers fought for these leaders, not for the Roman state by the first century before Christ. The ensuing civil wars brought too much pressure on the commonwealth structure, the destruction of too much property and the loss of too many Roman lives for the old political system to survive. (p. 159)___________________ 20. Which famous figure do we understand to have been born 12/25/1 A.D. in Jerusalem during the Roman prefecture imposed on Judea? __ Jesus ___________________ (guess) 21. In the Aeneid , the great lesson taught by Virgil’s characters is that throughout the history of the Latins, one’s personal feelings and desires must be sacrificed to one’s responsibilities to—what? _ To rival the epics of Homer; The primacy of duty_ _______ (pp 144-45) 22. The Romans pioneered the use of ____concrete____ , which made possible cheap, large-scale construction. FREE!

23. A famous assassination occurred 3/15/44 B.C. in the Senate. The conservative assassins hoped to restore the Roman Republic by dispatching the military dictator who ruled the Empire. Name him. __ Julius Caesar_ __________________ (p. 130) 24. Plebiscites were issued from the Consilium Plebis. Who were the plebeians and what happened in the year 287 B.C.? (p. 311)____ Plebeians are small landowners that constituted the membership of a Popular Assembly. In 287 B.C.E, they won the privilege of making laws. __________________ 25. The patrician class, the oldest of the Roman families, ruled the earliest days of the republic through the Senate. What did this body do? They appointed proconsular authorities to govern the provinces in their (just Guess) _________ The patricians controlled the law-making process; Regions ___________________________________________ 26. ___ Socrates __________ taught men to value the things of this life as secondary goods. Along with his mentor Plato, these philosophers saw the pursuit of truth as a reverential process seeking universal order and harmony, the permanent goods. (p. 100)

Module 3 Homework(DONE)

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