Labs:Tests

Labs Values Labs Values H/H Male Hgb: 13.2-17.3 g/dL Hct: 39-50% Female Hgb: 11.7-16.0 g/dL Hct: 35-47% Fasting Blood Sugar 70 -100 mg/dL Plts 100,000- 450,000 Random Blood Sugar <125 mg/dL PT/INR PT: 11-16 sec INR: 2-3 Na+ 135-145 mEq/L PTT 25-35 sec K+ 3.5-5 mEq/L WBC Normal:4,000-10,000 Leukopenia: <3,700 Leukocytosis: >11,000 Mg 2+ 1.5-2.5 mEq/L LFT’s ALT: 7-56 U/L AST: 10-40 U/L Ca+ 8.6-10.2 mg/dL Pancreatic Enzymes Amylase: 23-85 U/L Lipase: 0-160 U/L PSA <4.0 ng/mL Albumin 3.4-5.4 g/dL Digoxin Therapeutic: 0.8-2 ng/dL Toxicity: >2.4 ng/mL BNP < 100 pg/mL Vancomycin Through: 5-15 mcg/mL Peak: 20-40 mcg/mL BUN 10-20 mg/dL Phenytoin Therapeutic: 10-20 mcg/mL Toxicity: >30 mcg/mL Creatinine 0.6-1.2 mg/dL ABG pH: 7.35- 7.45 CO 2 : 35-45 mmHg HCO 3 : 22-26 mEq/L O 2 : 80-100 mmHg Cholesterol LDL: <100 mg/dL HDL: 35-80 mg/dL Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL

A1C Normal: <5.7% Prediabetes: 5.7-6.4% Diabetes: >6.4% Test Definition Pre-Op Post-Op CXR Chest Radiography: uses electromagnetic waves to produce images of heart, lungs, bones, and blood vessels of chest -Remove all metal objects -Ensure pt is not pregnant -Asses pt ability to hold breath -Provide comfort -No special care pCXR Portable chest radiography: same as above but is able to be brought to pt bedside Same as above Same as above KUB Kidney, ureter, and bladder X-ray that is performed to examine urinary system and surrounding structures -Describe procedure and length with pt -Pregnancy test -Advise remaining still -Comfort care -Maintain ordered NPO status Upper Endoscopy Procedure to visually examine upper digestive system (esophagus, duodenum, stomach) using a long flexible tube with a camera at the end -Make sure patient hasn’t eaten any solid foods drank anything for 8 hrs before procedure -Advise to stop taking blood thinners -Monitor vital signs -Discharge instructions - Comfort care Lower GI Series X-ray of large intestine after pt swallows barium or has a barium enema to make colon more visible -Determine how well prepped the pt is -Make sure pt took laxative -Check allergies/ pregnancy test -Discharge instruction -Offer crackers/ juice -Comfort care Bronchoscopy Bronchoscope goes down airway and into lungs to examine larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Can be invasive or non-invasive (CT) -Secure informed consent -Withhold food and liquids for 6-12 hrs -Administer pre-op meds -Prepare for anesthesia - Assess for bleeding -Assess resp. status -Test gag reflex -Prevent aspiration -Comfort care Angioplasty Opens clogged heart arteries using a balloon catheter that is inserted into blocked vessel and inflates to widen vessel. Sometimes a stent is inserted -Monitor vital signs -Position patient -Perform cardiac care -Monitor vital signs -Wound care - Provide complete nutrition -Educate pt Arteriogram Dye is injected into body and pt has an X-ray to determine how the blood flows throughout body -Make sure pt has been NPO since midnight -Place IV -Administer meds as ordered -Monitor vital signs

Short Answer: Briefly define the TNM system. TNM is used to define cancerous tumors. T refers to the size and extent of tumor, N refers to the number of nearby lymph nodes that have cancer and M refers to whether the cancer has metastasized. What is the difference between TPN and PPN? TPN is total parenteral nutrition and is when IV administers nutrition is the only source of nutrition the pt is receiving. PPN is peripheral parenteral nutrition and is nutrition delivered through a smaller vein and for patients who need supplementary nutrition. These patients get most of their nutrition orally. What is informed consent? How is it obtained? Informed consent is the process in which a HCP educates pt about risks, benefits and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. It is obtained by having a competent pt sign the informed consent form after being educated. What is CIWA? CIWA is the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment and is a scale used to determine severity of alcohol withdrawal. There are 10 categories, and each category is scored 0-7. Scores above 15 are considered to be at risk for severe withdrawal. What are some things that the RN may delegate to the LPN? To the CNA? LPN’s can administer PO meds and some IV meds, change dressings, obtain cultures, administer fluids, ADLs, skin care and respiratory support. CNA’s can help with ADLs, positioning, ambulating, vital signs, bed making and feeding pt who don’t have swallowing precautions. What is the Morse Fall Scale? The Morse Fall Scale is a quick way to assess a patient’s likelihood of falling. Scores below 24 have no risk of a fall, scores from 25-50 have a low risk of a fall and scores above 51 have a high risk of falling. What is the Braden Scale?

The Braden Scale is used to identify a patients risk of developing pressure injuries. It assess sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction and shear of the skin. Briefly explain when restraints are used. Restraints can be used to keep a high risk fall patient in bed, or they can be used on a patient who is an imminent threat to themselves or others around them. But they are always used as a last resort if other methods haven’t been successful.