DEA 1500 Lecture Notes

- Mapping (Concept mapping) - Designers have a map of how the product is going to work in their mind and does it match with the users’ concept maps (the new seatbelt that got rid of buckle, and users can’t figure out how to use it + controls for burner) - Feedback - do users get feedback after the control (having a thin red line to indicate danger zone dramatically decreased the error rate and average response time + burner that is under the surface and producer added a red light to indicate that it’s on + electric cars don’t make that much sound, so people don't notice that there are cars nearby, so producers added auditory + at nuclear power plant since workers cannot figure out the difference between two handles, they put their own cases on them) Examples: Evaluation of airplane emergency instruction, usability standard 38%, 11 out of 40 subjects met criterion (conditions: adults, english speaker, no stress) HER Principle: Anthropometric (does it match up with the size/capability of users’ bodies) & Biomechanics (when the match is incompatible, it can cause physical damage) - How high should a shelf be? How far should the reach be? Anthropometric Diversity & Distribution - 5th to the 95% criteria to accommodate variety, people with disabilities Biomechanical issue in CKB - sink on the left is too close to the hand dryer (5th to the 95th for shoulder length); causes biomechanics since students have to lean in order to avoid the hand dryer A lot of healthcare use contribute to biomechanical issue (musculoskeletal problem) Keyboard Use - Keyboard injuries are epidemic - Common injury: carpal tunnel syndrome - People’s wrists are at extensions when typing, soft tissues are scraped on bones; finger tendon rubs during extension - Keyboard designed to angle up, but if the surface is tilted down, the wrist angle will be at 0 degree which is desired Disc pressure and muscle tension, when sitting up straight there is more pressure - Dental hygiene, carpenter Sink’s height Lecture 27 HER Process: Indoor Air Quality - Outside sources - Next to a steel mill - Equipment - Copy machine

benefits users, however, there is no apparent difference. Claims that natural light increases performance. The change in fall to spring of the minimum to maximum in reading and math grades. Students in most daylight doubled this. People, however, can’t replicate this study. Peripheral clocks (nonvisual diurnal system) Natural light and seasonal depression - not everyone experiences this and not all depression is related to lighting. There is no fluctuation in mental health in Saudi Arabia since there is no change in the length of daylight throughout the years. Patients that are hospitalized because of depression and were randomly assigned to two rooms with either 500 Lux and 300 Lux lighting. People in the higher lighting room were discharged sooner. Bright light promotes pain tolerance (less use of opiates). Patients are either on the dim side of the building or the bright side. Study on school children in Sweden. Similar background kids. Classrooms with windows or no windows. Cortisol (stress hormones) is correlated with rooms with windows with no windows. The cortisol level is higher when students are in rooms with windows. The pattern with what people see with less daylight savings is present in classrooms with windows, but the pattern is changed with the classrooms with no windows. HER Process: Color Hue, saturation, lightness People from Namibia cannot tell the obvious difference in colors that people in North America can distinguish, but can see the ones that Americans can’t discover. Colors do not have uniform meaning. There are colors that people tend to like and tend to not like. People prefer cool tones and dislike pale white. It has something to do with people’s experience and familiarity with colors. People ranked their desired residence color (most popular: blue, green, purple) If you live in the red dorm, your preference is going to be red. Lecture 29 The meanings of colors are not as universal as expected. The preference of colors is more universal than expected. Why is there a systematic preference for colors? ● In Italy, there's a dorm with designated colors on the interior. Students were placed into different dorms randomly. The color of the dorm that students lived in is related to the preference of the color. Suggests something going on with familiarity and preference. ● First measure subjects preference. Associate some color with negative, positive, and neutral objects. Measure the color preference again, and compare. The finding indicates that they can change people’s preferences. However, it is under no-delay context. With waiting a day to ask for preference, there is essentially no evidence. ● Biological: In Sweden, subjects are asked to do a task, and everything is constant except

Biomechanics - instead of having the keyboard on a flat surface, put it on a downward slope ● Textile mill: change the angle of the table and padding on the edge; to prevent allergy, workers wear sleeves Occupational stress: bus drivers in urban areas have a lot of injuries at work and are twice as likely to have heart disease compared to other blue collar workers. ● A study that compares bus drivers’ hypertension (high blood pressure that is at risk of heart disease). The longer the drivers worked the higher the blood pressure. ● Healthy work: sense of control is important; high demand & low control create risks. ● Engineers and social scientists came together to create a better work environment: they took the busiest line in Stockholm and changed the bus route. Compared to no change. They put in a designated bus lane for the bus where it is the most congested, and where they couldn’t put in a designated bus lane, they enforced double parking vigorously. They also put in a device in the bus, so that when it gets near to a traffic light, it turns green. People at the bus stop have the information of when the bus is going to arrive, which makes them less agitated. On the bus, the passengers also have more information about the next destination. Prior to engineering, the number of job hassles were higher. Strain after work is shown to be decreased (less spillover). Less pharmaceutical medicine and blood pressure lowered. ● In the United States, when people work in a stressful environment, the environment doesn’t change, but there is a focus on meditation and a healthy lifestyle. Rather than changing the person to fit into a bad environment, it’s better to change the environment. ● Usually, if research and development is required, team workflow is more suitable. Relay Race Model and Rugby Team Model. Cave and commons: have places where people can do their own work (cave), but at the same time have places where people can interact dynamically. Creativity is on the foundation of deep knowledge: put together different experiences. Functional inconvenience: people are separated in space by different jobs, but maybe it is better to have a mix. Make it less convenient to talk to people that have a similar job. ● Instead of having elevators and hallways, the building’s circulation can be opened up, so users can bump into each other. ● Put people in spaces where the manager or boss is there (a place where they spend a lot of time, but still has a private space), which is different from the traditional pyramid system. ● People often get inspiration from their break time, so create spaces where people can step back from thinking about the problem. Giving people spaces that are different from their work space (changing frames). Lecture 32 Why is nature restorative? Attention Restoration Theory ● Voluntary attention: needs effort (WWII, dangerous for baby to go outside, so people

environmental regulation. Frame information differently to them (one towards conservative value and towards progressive value). In the short term, it is possible to change people’s opinion. The strength of value is more important to conservative people. ● Education: Early childhood experience in nature. Environmental attitude and knowledge in high school. Study on wild nature and domesticated nature. Measured activity in childhood and prediction of their attitudes in adulthood. People who have more knowledge on environmental issues will be more likely to believe in NEP. ● Age: young children are negative towards nature and it goes down over time. The relationship is not linear: a study that follows the same group of children from age 6-18. Low at young age, raises over time, levels off, and drops at adolescence age. Changes at adolescence age over the years: personal responsibility drops. ● SES and ethnicity: Public’s perception of what a group’s environment concern is and what the actual level is. The public thinks that people of color and poor people are less concerned about environmental issues. Origins of Environmental Attitudes: ● Religion: anthropocentric, nature is for humans. Judaic-Christian society: stewardship and treating animals with respect. Native Americans: shiprock, alignment between people and nature. FengShui: alignment between people and nature. ● Art and Literature: how the story is depicted: the hero is crowned for cutting down trees and taming a cow. However, there is also a side that celebrates nature. Depends on how the environment is portrayed. ● The frontier experience (the turner thesis): fight nature for progress, something to overcome. In order to habitat, people need to clear the land and build shelter. North America was mostly covered by forests 300 years ago. The USA was the first to have national parks. Western expansion: exploitation. ● Technology: distance people from nature and Earth. Plow: the distance between human labor and the environment becomes more distant. Technology is going to help humans to survive by creating products that increase sustainability. Lecture 34 What behaviors should we focus on? Population: ● Population growth is algorithmic, and not linear. Maltheus’ theory of carrying capacity, and the main thing putting pressure on the capacity is population. The relationship between total surplus and number of people. As the population increases, the surplus is growing. However, the population will hit the carrying capacity, and the surplus is going to stop growing. Maltheus claimed that this is inevitable, and war, along with starvation will occur. ● Water, forest, land, loss of species = running out of resources ● Counter to Maltheus: people are intelligent, and they will notice diminishing returns.

v. If u feel less helpless it is stronger vi. Low helplessness: goes up fastest, vii. High helplessness: even if u have attitude you are not gong to join, actually do the intention e. Coping (swedish adolescents and coping with climate change) i. Meaning focused coping: trying to find meaning 1. I have faith in humanity, we can fix problem 2. I have faith in people engaged in env organization 3. I trust scientist to come up with a solution to the future ii. Problem focused 1. I search for info ab what i can do as a child 2. I talk with family and friends about what one can do iii. Emotion focused 1. Climate change in something positive bc weather will get better 2. I think the problem is exaggerated 3. I cant be bothered to care about climate change iv. Problem coping engages a lot more but is a lot more upset v. Emotion 3. Incentives and a. Social traps: habitual nature of human behavior i. Example: tragedy of the commons 1. Each farmer puts a cow on commons but a farmer decides to put 2 cows on the commons 2. All of these individual decision causes collapse of commons, bc ecosystem is ruined ii. Short Term: Trap bc short term reinforcers, for the person are positive even if the iii. long term outcome is negative for the group iv. Short term reinforcers are stronger than long term, we respond better to short term than long term v. Can be disastrous in the long run for everyone as as society but hard to resist because it is a trap, reason it is a trap is bc short term is much more powerful b. Individual Trap: short term positive, long term negative, c. Counter trap: Missing hero(ine) i. Short term = negative, long term prevents long term positive ii. Instead of making sacrifice personally for good of group,; iii. Missing hero: individual negative even though its good for the group, u dont do it 4. Change the incentives (add counter reinforcer or shift the delay)