Maria Gabriela assignment

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Miami Dade College, Miami *

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Health Science

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Nov 24, 2024

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Healthy People 2030: Heart Disease and Stroke Group Number Miami Regional University MSN5550; Health Promotion: Prevention of Disease Instructors Name; November 9, 2023

Heart Disease and Stroke Depending on the kind of cardiac tissue affected, heart illnesses appear in different ways. Heart chambers, walls, and valves, as well as any blocked cardiac outlets, are among the tissues that may be impacted. The sinoatrial node and cardiac electrical connections may also be in question. The causes of these illnesses might be autoimmune, bacterial, fungal, or viral—as in rheumatic heart disease (Stephen Haffner, 2020) . Affected cardiac tissues may experience a reduction in blood flow due to vascular considerations, which might lead to necrosis. Healthy People2030's interest in managing heart disease is influenced by the prevalence of heart disease and the expense of patient care. In the year 2018, 30.3 million Americans suffered from heart disease, of which 18.2 million instances were related to coronary artery disease. The high cost of care and reduced or diminished productivity linked to the diseases are expected to cause an annual loss of $216 billion for the ailments. Conditions lead to morbidity, death, and economic hardship (Stephen Haffner, 2020) . In contrast, a stroke results from a decline in blood flow to the brain tissues due to blocked or burst cerebral arteries. In the United States, this illness affects around 3% of adults, or 7 million people. About 5.5 million patients are affected by it annually, making it the second most common cause of mortality worldwide (Stephen Haffner, 2020) . Healthy People 2030 sought to address heart disease and stroke as a single objective as vascular injuries, such as high blood pressure, smoking, and obesity, are the main causes of stroke. This will lessen the burden of related diseases as well as the illnesses' incidence. The aim of this conversation is to explore heart disease and stroke in light of the aims and objectives of Healthy People 2030 (Stephen Haffner, 2020) . Social Determinant risk Factors of Heart Disease and Stroke

The beginning and development of heart disease and stroke in individuals have been related to a number of variables. These components fall into one of three categories: political, economic, or social. The aforementioned variables either cause or predispose an individual to cardiac or vascular disease. Urbanization, poverty, and level of education are some of the social variables at work (Carandang, 2019) . Poverty An individual's financial situation affects their capacity to pay for medical treatment, especially preventative care. Poor people who cannot afford preventative healthcare measures like routine checks are more likely to have undetected underlying health issues like diabetes and hypertension, which puts them at risk for heart disease (Carandang, 2019) . The unaffordability of care is a major factor in the development of cardiac disorders, which may be connected to the decreased access to healthcare. Families with poor socioeconomic status also deal with various societal issues, which contributes to their drug and substance usage. These people are more likely to get heart disease if they smoke cigarettes. In addition to substance abuse, tensions associated with poverty and other aspects of life, such unemployment, can contribute to cardiac diseases. These factors increase the risk of infection in the heart tissues. Low socioeconomic groups have been shown to have a 27% greater incidence of heart disease than middle-class and upper-class groups. Therefore, addressing societal poverty is essential to managing cardiac diseases and stroke (Carandang, 2019) . Urbanization Compared to the traditional lifestyle, urbanization has encouraged a sedentary lifestyle and an unhealthy diet. People who seldom engage in physical activity at work or home have been

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seen by automation in these settings. People who live in metropolitan regions have additional disadvantages because there is less physical space available for them to walk to work every day. These people commute by automobile to work and spend most of their time there sitting, which causes fat to accumulate in their body and increases their risk of obesity, which increases their risk of coronary artery disease and constricted heart arteries (Carandang, 2019) . This explains why metropolitan regions have higher incidence of heart disease and stroke than rural ones. A contributing factor to the natural history of cardiac problems is the dietary shift brought about by urbanization. The consumption of fast food has surged in metropolitan areas, which is detrimental to the heart and blood vessels. Fast food has more calories and worse saturated fats than traditional diets, which has led to an increase in the prevalence of obesity among those who eat it. Due to fat deposition, these obese people frequently have restricted arteries, which compromises the heart's blood flow and increases the risk of myocardial infarction and its sequelae (Carandang, 2019) . Urbanization, which is linked to dietary modifications and life automation, is therefore another factor contributing to the emergence of heart disease and stroke. Level of Education The degree of education a person has affects how they seek health care. People with higher levels of education are more aware of the causes and consequences of sickness, which influences their decision to seek medical attention (Carandang, 2019) . They also take pleasure in having their medical disorders screened for; as a result, early discovery of illnesses like hypertension occurs, and preventative steps are started to stop the progression of these conditions to heart disease and stroke. Those with higher levels of education are more employable, can afford healthcare, and have greater access to better healthcare facilities, all of which reduce the risk of cardiovascular illnesses developing in conjunction with other medical problems like

hypertension. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is the choice of those without formal education since they find it more economical. This predilection for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) may be the result of limited access to healthcare services and a lack of improved understanding of medical disorders and their causes. These variables help to explain why people who lack literacy have a greater frequency of cardiovascular diseases than people who have a college education (Carandang, 2019) . Primary and Secondary Prevention Strategy Implemented The identified risk factors must be modified in order to prevent heart disease and stroke. Depending on when these interventions are started, the successful tactics fall into the primary or secondary intervention measure categories. While secondary treatments focus on early disease diagnosis and the avoidance of consequences, primary interventions are health promotion strategies that try to prevent the conditions. The therapies would target diabetes, obesity, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The goal of the interventions is to restrict the advancement of these disorders to heart disease and stroke. The other goal of the actions is to stop these circumstances from ever developing in the first place (Lu et al., 2020) . Hyperlipidemia To lower hyperlipidemia and the risk of cardiac illnesses, those who are obese or at risk for hyperlipidemia are advised to start decreasing weight and engaging in aerobic activity. Strict adherence to lipid-lowering medications should be made sure in the other individuals with hyperlipidemia diagnoses in order to decrease the levels of harmful low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raise the levels of cardio protective high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in the blood (Lu et al., 2020) . The encouragement of a nutritious diet is an additional method of guaranteeing lipid

management. It has been shown that eating a diet low in cholesterol, meals full of vegetables, and foods high in Omega-3 can reduce cholesterol and so avoid the development of cardiovascular problems in people who are prone to them. By taking these steps, the number of people with hyperlipidemia will decline, managing the condition's harmful consequences including stroke (Lu et al., 2020) . Hypertension Factors that raise blood volume in the body or constrict the artery lumen can lead to hypertension. The vascular lumen is impacted by conditions like hyperlipidemia, cigarette smoking, and psychological and physical stress, while the body retains more fluid when there is a high salt intake, which raises blood volume (Von der Lohe, 2020) . Measures to reduce cigarette smoking should be implemented in order to address these problems, such as the start of nicotine replacement treatment. Patients with high blood pressure or those at high risk can participate in meditation sessions where they will learn coping mechanisms for dealing with life's stresses in case stress is thought to be the root cause of their hypertension. While limiting salt intake is advised for everyone to avoid the development of hypertension, home blood pressure monitoring is beneficial for certain people. Reminding older patients of their therapy hours, addressing therapy-related issues such drug side effects, and providing adequate patient education prior to therapy beginning are all important ways to ensure that antihypertensive medication adherence. By controlling hypertension, the chance of hypertension-related heart illnesses or stroke is decreased (Von der Lohe, 2020) . Obesity

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An individual who is obese is more likely to acquire diabetes and hypertension, two conditions that can lead to the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses. Consuming better food encourages diet adjustment, which lowers the prevalence of obesity by reducing the amount of fat deposited in the body's organs (Lu et al., 2020) . Weightlifting and other physical activities are encouraged to improve the use of fats and glucose that would have otherwise been stored in the tissues leading to obesity. People have to be informed about these workouts in order to lower their chance of developing heart illness. We also advocate the practice of weight monitoring. Frequent weight monitoring, even at home, aids in tracking the development and success of weight-management plans. Interventions such as bariatric surgery and anti-obesity medications are only used in situations of obesity that do not respond to conventional weight-management techniques (Von der Lohe, 2020) . Cigarette Smoking Cigarette products increase oxidative stress, which causes the cardiac tissues to undergo apoptosis and necrosis, making them harmful to the heart tissues. Cigarette smoke induces cerebral vascular injury, which further contributes to ischemic brain damage in the brain. Thus, methods to prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses should include quitting smoking. Cigarettes and cigarette-related items can be made more expensive and deterrent to use by imposing high taxes through policies (Pahigiannis et al., 2019) . In order to dissuade unhealthy mental patterns that can encourage cigarette smoking, counseling sessions, group therapy, and cognitive therapy can also be undertaken. Buspirone, which substitutes for the nicotine users get from cigarettes and avoids withdrawal symptoms, is another method of implementing nicotine replacement treatment. These treatments support quitting smoking, making them useful interventions for smokers who are at risk of heart disease and stroke.

Diabetes Controlling diabetes-causing variables, such as obesity and hyperlipidemia, can help prevent the disease. Other useful interventions include dietary adjustments, consistent physical activity, and weight monitoring. Digital tools like digital glucometers are used to provide patients receiving therapy with guidance and education on medication adherence and stringent glycemic control. To support glycemic management, diabetes patients are also advised to have regular medical consultations and to have their HbA1c levels monitored. By managing diabetes with such approaches, the risk of complications like cardiovascular disease and stroke is decreased (Pahigiannis et al., 2019) . Healthy People 2030 Goal on Heart Disease and Stroke Early identification and treatment of heart attacks and strokes are the goals of the Healthy People 2030 initiative. Reduced oxygen supply to cardiac tissues causes muscular ischemia, which in turn causes the clinical appearance of heart attack. The clinical manifestations include lightheadedness that occurs after activity, such as physical exercise, shortness of breath, and sharp chest pains that radiate to the jaw (E.S Tautolo, 2021) . They come after a period of physical activity because physical activity raises the oxygen demand in the heart and, in the event of coronary artery disease, causes necrosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are necessary to control the condition's symptoms and restore blood flow to the afflicted regions. Diagnostic tests ordered to further assess the patient's conditions are informed by the accurate interpretation of the clinical manifestation. To rule out a clot inside the coronary arteries, angiograms are done; electrocardiograms (ECGs) show the patient's heart and the lesions that are implicated; and cardiac enzyme level measurements disclose any necrosis and indicate if the lesion is acute or chronic. In order to unblock the blocked arteries, cardiac catheterization and

ballooning will allow the patient's blocked vessels to dilate, and anticoagulants like aspirin do the same. Reducing morbidity and mortality is possible with early detection and treatment of these heart attack symptoms (E.S Tautolo, 2021) . Stroke can also be diagnosed by looking for symptoms such as slurred speech, facial drooping, and abrupt incoordination or weakness on one side of the body. After that, the patient has brain imaging (MRI) to look for any lesions that could be causing the symptoms. The investigation's findings affect the choice of treatment, including the use of anticoagulants in cases of hemorrhagic stroke and thrombolytic in cases of ischemic stroke (Johnson et al., 2020) . When treatment is received within twenty-four hours of the beginning of symptoms, the condition's consequences are avoided and the symptoms are resolved. As a result, it will contribute to reaching the Healthy People 2030 objectives of lower death from cerebrovascular illnesses. According to the chosen health issue on heart diseases and stroke, the objective is to diagnose and treat heart attacks and strokes at an early stage. By using early detection and diagnosis techniques, they want to reduce the mortality associated with heart attacks, a kind of cardiac illness. The key nursing interventions that were considered as useful preventative treatments for heart disorders and stroke included this tactic as well (Johnson et al., 2020) . An Evidence Intervention to Achieve Early Detection of Heart Attack and Stroke Healthy people 2030 Goal Regular medical check-ups can help accomplish early diagnosis of cardiovascular problems in patients. A cardiovascular risk assessment is conducted at one of these sessions to ascertain the extent of patient exposure and their susceptibility to the onset of heart disease or

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stroke. People who have a risk assessment score of more than 20% are deemed high risk and are thus screened; those who receive a score of less than 10% are deemed low risk and are subsequently released from follow-up care (Johnson et al., 2020) . The optimal screening technique uses an ECG to monitor changes in cardiac electrical activity when the patient is at rest or during exercise. During the ECG-assisted examination, the indicators for heart disorders are examined in order to inform the patient's diagnosis and treatment plan. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to identify strokes early on because it can show lesions and provide guidance when diagnosing transient ischemic episodes (TIA). Thus, evidence-based techniques and recent research influence the plan. Measurable Objective to address the Healthy People 2030 goal. Clinical evaluations can be used to evaluate the achievement of the objective of early diagnosis and treatment of heart attacks and strokes. Measurable, repeatable, and dependable metrics are used to evaluate the intervention (Woodruff et al., 2021) . These criteria may be present in a number of instances that are identified by early screening circumstances. Increasing the number of newly diagnosed cases gathered via screening methods is the quantifiable aim. Statistics on recently diagnosed cardiac conditions and the timing of those diagnoses will be gathered in order to evaluate this goal. When it is shown that the number of cases is greater than those from late diagnosis, the goal will have been achieved (Woodruff et al., 2021) . Conclusion The prevalence of heart disease and stroke is rising due to dietary modifications, cigarette smoking, and sedentary lifestyles. The treatment burden was projected to be $216 billion a year in the United States alone, based on the expense of care, sickness, mortality, and loss of

population productivity. The use of disease intervention techniques targeted at lowering disease burden is required due to the detrimental economic effect and the related morbidity and death. The proposed approach seeks to address a number of risk factors, including obesity, diabetes, smoking, and hypertension all of which contribute to the development of heart disease and stroke. Social variables including poverty, sedentary lifestyles, and educational attainment have an additional impact on these characteristics. It is important to identify therapeutic goals prior to starting treatment. A smart aim should be established and progress should be monitored to detect obstacles that can impede goal attainment in order to ascertain whether the treatment goal was achieved. Easy-to-achieve goals can also be used to identify and execute targets that support the larger objective. By Healthy People 2030, heart disease and stroke will be recognized as health issues that need to be addressed with early detection and treatment.

References

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Carandang, R. A. (2019). Secular trends in stroke risk and risk factors for stroke. Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke , 435- 452. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199895847.003.0023 E.S Tautolo. (2021). Article commentary: "Unequal local progress towards healthy people 2030 objectives for stroke and coronary heart disease Mortality". Blogging Stroke . https://doi.org/10.1161/blog.20210511.193000 Johnson, S., Gold, M. R., & Baciu, A. (2020). Rethinking the leading health indicators for healthy people 2030. JAMA Health Forum , 1 (5), e200426. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0426 Lu, N., Smith, J. M., Andrade, J. G., Flexman, A. M., & Field, T. S. (2020). Considerations in adult congenital heart disease and stroke. Stroke , 51 (8). https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028605 Pahigiannis, K., Thompson-Paul, A. M., Barfield, W., Ochiai, E., Loustalot, F., Shero, S., & Hong, Y. (2019). Progress toward improved cardiovascular health in the United States. Circulation , 139 (16), 1957- 1973. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.035408 Stephen Haffner. (2020). A lifestyle change programme not effective for those at risk of heart disease or stroke. https://doi.org/10.3310/signal-000888 Von der Lohe, E. (2020). Primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Coronary Heart Disease in Women , 145-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 642-55553-4_8

Woodruff, R. C., Casper, M., Loustalot, F., & Vaughan, A. S. (2021). Unequal local progress towards healthy people 2030 objectives for stroke and coronary heart disease mortality. Stroke , 52 (6). https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.121.034100

Maria Gabriela assignment

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