Understanding Minerals: Key Concepts for Geology Students

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 1/30 Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals Due Jan 28 at 11:59pm Points 3.5 Questions 9 Available Jan 19 at 9am - Jan 28 at 11:59pm Time Limit None Allowed Attempts 2 Instructions This quiz was locked Jan 28 at 11:59pm. Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 12 minutes 3.5 out of 3.5  Answers will be shown after your last attempt Score for this attempt: 3.5 out of 3.5 Submitted Jan 26 at 2:09pm This attempt took 12 minutes.   ATTENTION : You must complete this lab BEFORE you complete Laboratory 3B: Mineral Identification (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953712) . Lab 3A will teach you about the characteristics we use to describe minerals. Lab 3B will have you use the characteristics to identify minerals. If you do not first complete Lab 3A, Lab 3B will be difficult/impossible. Learning Goals By completing this lab, students will learn: The technical definition of a mineral The different physical properties of a mineral and how they form How to use common diagnostic properties to identify a mineral

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 2/30 Introduction A. Minerals Minerals are the basic building blocks that make up the solid Earth. Therefore, any study of the solid Earth must begin with an understanding of minerals. A mineral, by definition, is a (1) naturally occurring, (2) solid, (3) usually inorganic element or compound with a (4) definite crystalline structure and (5) chemical composition which varies only within specific limits. Common examples are quartz, diamond, garnet, talc, and halite (salt). Some useful hints about what a mineral is/isn't: 1. Although compounds produced in a laboratory can have many of the characteristics of a mineral, they are not naturally occurring and therefore are not minerals. 2. Minerals are solids , therefore liquids and gases are not considered minerals. 3. Nearly all minerals are inorganic, that is, not produced by living organisms. 4. Minerals have a distinct crystalline structure (Figure 3-1) . Each mineral has an orderly, predictable arrangement of atoms. For example, the minerals graphite and diamond are both made of carbon but what makes them unique is a significant difference in the way the atoms are arranged (Figure 3-1). (A mineraloid differs from a mineral in that it lacks crystalline structure (i.e., is amorphous). For example, opal is a mineraloid; it has the same composition as quartz but lacks the crystal structure.) 5. Minerals have a definite chemical composition that can be expressed as a specific chemical formula. Quartz, for instance, is composed of silicon and oxygen and has the formula SiO2. Some minerals have more complex compositions. Garnet's formula, for instance, is A3B2(SiO4)3, where A and B represent a variety of elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Although the exact composition of garnet can vary, the ratio between A and B is constant — 3 atoms of A for every 2 atoms of B.

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 3/30  Question 1 0 / 0 pts True False  Question 2 0.2 / 0.2 pts Figure 3-1. The atomic structure of (a) diamond and (b) graphite. Diagrammatic inserts show bonding relationships of carbon atoms. In diamond, each carbon atom is strongly bonded (covalent bonds) to four adjacent carbon atoms. In graphite, each carbon atom is strongly bonded to only three neighboring atoms. Strongly bonded atoms in graphite occur in sheets, which are only loosely attached to one another by weak van der Waal forces. Laboratory Honor Statement Cheating or plagiarism of any kind will not be tolerated in ESS 101. This includes copying answers from a friend or classmate, copying answers verbatim found on the internet or other literary sources, or copying any work that may answer the question being asked. Make sure you always use your own words when answering the questions in the homework and cite appropriate references if you use them to help you answer the question. Anyone caught violating the academic code of conduct (https://www.washington.edu/cssc/for-students/academic-misconduct/) will be reported to the UW Academic Misconduct representative. I acknowledge that I have carefully read and understand the above statement regarding the consequences of cheating and plagiarism, and promise to complete my work in this class with honesty and integrity. Answer "True" below supporting your acknowledgement.

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 4/30 A B   These diagrams represent the attomic structures of two solids. The spheres represent atoms that are bonded together. Which structure is a mineral? The unique composition and structure of minerals give them each a unique set of physical properties. Minerals are classified based on these physical properties. During this lab you will become familiar with the important physical properties of minerals and learn how to identify the common rock-forming minerals. Your ability to determine the physical properties of minerals by observation and testing is more important than merely being able to recognize and name minerals. You will be given the opportunity to identify many of these minerals in the future, when we examine rocks. Minerals vs. Rocks A rock is any natural aggregate of minerals, mineraloids, glass, and/or organic particles. For example, granite is a rock composed of several different minerals, rock salt is a rock composed of a single mineral (halite), rock opal is a rock composed of the mineraloid opal, obsidian is a rock composed of volcanic glass, and coal is a rock composed of organic particles. Mineral identification is an important component of geology because the mineral composition of a given rock can tell us a lot about how and where the rock formed. Classification Systems Classification schemes can be subdivided into two principal types, descriptive and interpretive. Descriptive schemes are based on observable physical properties, while interpretive schemes imply a knowledge of how those properties were acquired. We classify minerals based on their physical properties. These properties reflect the chemical elements and crystalline structure of the mineral. Therefore, mineral classification is basically descriptive. When we learn about rocks in future laboratories we will also focus on interpretive classification schemes. Physical Properties of Minerals Because a mineral's physical properties are based on its specific chemical composition and crystalline structure, these properties are unique to each mineral and can be used for identification. The following is a discussion of common properties used for mineral identification. In this week’s two-part lab, you will be learning how to recognize and use diagnostic mineral properties to identify 14 common rock-forming minerals (Figure 3-2). Each mineral has been

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 5/30  assigned a specimen number for this lab (M1 - M14). In this part of the lab, we will introduce you to specific diagnostic properties that can be used to help identify minerals. In the next part of the lab, you will be asked to use these diagnostic properties to identify the 14 minerals. Figure 3-2. Fourteen common rock-forming minerals (M1 - M14 will be identified in the laboratory this week using their physical (diagnostic) properties. The diagnostic tools we will use to assist us in this identification are shown on the bottom of the image. Luster Luster refers to the way that light interacts with a mineral’s surface. To understand luster, it is helpful to think about some of the basic properties of light. When light reaches a material surface, it can be reflected, absorbed, and/or transmitted through the material (Figure 3-3). All objects that you can see reflect some light, but they may also absorb or transmit some light. The combination of these three properties defines the way that the material appears to our eyes. Reflective materials reflect light back to your eye. However, even a mirror does not reflect all light; some is absorbed or can be transmitted. Absorptive materials absorb some or all light, which changes their color. However, if all light were absorbed, we wouldn’t be able to see the object. Transmissive materials allow light to pass through, like a window. Materials with high transmissivity are called translucent (some light passes through) or transparent (most light passes through), and materials with very low transmissivity are called opaque (little to no light passes through).

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 6/30 Figure 3-3 . A schematic of the difference between reflection, absorption, and transmission. Luster is classified in the following way: Category Metallic Non-metallic Luster metallic vitreous pearly resinous silky dull Description highly reflective and opaque translucent (highly transmissive) and reflective opaque with an iridescent sheen translucent, but not as reflective as viterous minerals somewhat reflective with a fibrous texture not very reflective, opaque Comparison looks like metal looks like glass looks like a pearl or mollusk shell looks like tree sap or resin looks like silk (has parallel mineral "fibers") looks plain like many earth materials (soil, clay) Example minerals (Figure 3-4) A & B C & D E & F G & H I & J K other minerals with this luster gold, copper, hematite quartz, olivine, plagioclase, amphibole diatomite

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 7/30 notes vitreous luster is very common thin sections of dark vitreous minerals are transparent, but it can be hard to tell None of the M1- M14 minerals have resinous luster N one of M1- M14 minerals have silky luster None of M1-M14 minerals have dull luster

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 8/30

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 9/30  Question 3 1.2 / 1.2 pts Answer 1: metallic Answer 2: vitreous Answer 3: dull Answer 4: silky Answer 5: pearly Answer 6: vitreous  Figure 3-4 . Examples of minerals with specific lusters. Which of the above lusters would most closely characterize the following household materials or objects (be sure to check spelling and use all lowercase letters)? 1. aluminum foil: metallic 2. window pane: vitreous 3. concrete sidewalk dull 4. silk scarf silky 5. pearl necklace pearly 6. topaz gemstone vitreous Possible Answers*: (metallic, silky, dull, resinous, vitreous, pearly). *not all above answers need to be used (answers can also be used more than once). Color and Streak Color

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 10/30 Although color is diagnostic for some minerals, most minerals occur in many hues and generally cannot be distinguished by color alone. Quartz, for example, can be translucent, white (milky quartz), red (rose quartz), black (smoky quartz), or purple (amethyst) (Figure 3-5). Therefore, color should only be used in conjunction with other physical properties, as an aid in identification. Many minerals occur in a specific range of colors (e.g. pink to white). Others, such as garnet, occur naturally in all colors, though are most commonly found in shades of red. Since color is almost always the first property observed, it is often effectively used to narrow down potential candidates for the mineral you are identifying. Figure 3-5 . Quartz colors, clockwise from top left: rose quartz, smokey quartz, amethyst, translucent. Note how color can vary widely for this mineral. Other properties, such as the 6-sided crystal shape, remain unchanged. Streak The color of the powdered mineral, the streak , is usually much less variable than the color seen in hand specimens. The streak can be obtained by rubbing the mineral on an unglazed porcelain plate (Figure 3-6). The powdered mineral produced can then be observed against a white background. Watch a video of the streak test below for one of the minerals you will identify in this week's lab.

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 11/30  Question 4 0.2 / 0.2 pts Answer 1: yes no Answer 2: color streak Streak color is particularly useful in distinguishing metallic minerals that look very similar in hand sample, such as hematite, an iron oxide (rust) and an important iron-ore mineral, and galena, an ore mineral of lead. Nonmetallic minerals generally have a colorless or white streak . Figure 3-6. Two examples of what a mineral's streak looks like. Streak color can be different from the mineral specimen color. Note how this brass colored metallic mineral (iron pyrite) produces a black streak. Note that nonmetallic mineral produce a white streak or no streak. 0:00 A. Can a purple colored mineral and a pink colored mineral be the same mineral? [ Select ] B. Which property is more helpful in identifying metallic minerals? [ Select ]

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 12/30  Hardness Hardness is defined as a mineral's ability to resist scratching or abrasion. Each mineral has a characteristic hardness that falls somewhere between 1 (softest) and 10 (hardest) on the Mohs Hardness Scale (Figure 3-7). A mineral can be scratched by all minerals harder than itself and will scratch all minerals softer than itself. For example, diamond is the hardest known natural substance and will scratch all other minerals. Mineral hardness is determined by comparing the relative hardness of an unknown specimen with an index mineral or other material with known hardness. Everyday objects, such as pennies (pre-1983) and fingernails, can also be useful tools for determining mineral hardness. Glass has a hardness of 5.5 on the Mohs Hardness Scale, which is in the middle of the relative scale. When we identify minerals in the field, or in the laboratory we often use a scratch test on a glass plate (Figure 3-2) to discriminate minerals during their classification. It is important when you complete a scratch test on glass that you rub the scratch mark after the test to be sure the glass was scratched, and not a softer mineral rubbing off and leaving a trace (i.e., smudge). See the video below of an example of a scratch test being completed for one the minerals you will identify this week in laboratory. 0:00

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 13/30  Question 5 0.3 / 0.3 pts Figure 3-7. Mohs Hardness Scale, showing index minerals and the hardness of common objects . https://www.nps.gov/articles/mohs-hardness-scale.htm (https://www.nps.gov/articles/mohs- hardness-scale.htm) [1] [1] A. Can orthoclase scratch quartz? [ Select ] B. If you have an unknown mineral that cannot be scratched by a penny, then what can you say about the minerals hardness? [ Select ] C. Say you have quartz and an unknown mineral. If quartz is able to scratch the unknown mineral, and the unknown mineral is able to scratch quartz, then what can you conclude about the hardness of the unknown mineral? [ Select ]

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 14/30 Answer 1: no yes Answer 2: >5 >3.5 >2.5 Answer 3: =7 >7 <7  Crystal Growth Faces, Cleavage, and Fracture Two main processes influence the shape of minerals in the real world: crystal growth and crystal breakage. Crystal Growth Faces Minerals grow when atoms in a liquid state, such as water or magma, solidify and join the ordered, crystal lattice of a mineral. This process results in growth of polyhedrons (e.g. cubes, pyramids, or hexagonal prisms), but these shapes only become well-developed when the crystal growth environment is both stable and contains lots of empty space. In such cases, the resulting smooth, mineral surfaces that form are called crystal growth faces (Figure 3-8). Figure 3-8. These selenite crystals had plenty of space when they were forming, so they developed crystal growth faces. Crystal Breakage [1]

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 15/30 At the surface of the earth, minerals begin to break into pieces as they crash into each other due to processes like waves on a beach, or rocks tumbling down a mountain. Minerals first crack due to stresses, and ultimately break into smaller pieces when these cracks grow through the material. There are two types of crystal breakage: cleavage and fracture. Cleavage Cleavage describes a process in which minerals crack (or “ cleave”) along repeating, parallel planes within the material (Figure 3-9). The planes are defined relative to a fixed axis in the mineral. Cleavage results in parallel cracks within minerals. Some minerals cleave along one plane, so they break into sheets. Others cleave along two or more planes, so cracks form in multiple directions (Figure 3-10). In these cases, minerals break into rectangular prisms or rhombohedrons. Cleavage is well-developed in some mineral species, and is poorly-developed in others, meaning the cracks are small and difficult to observe.

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 16/30 Figure 3-9. Four common minerals and their cleavage. The left column shows mineral photographs, the center column shows mineral forms resulting from cleavage, and the right column shows the cleavage planes (the colors are meaningless).

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 17/30 Figure 3-10. Notice the stair-stepping pattern on this calcite crystal , the result of cleavage planes, or planes of weakness, in the mineral structure. Fracture While only some minerals have cleavage, all minerals exhibit fracture, or irregular breaking. Fracture is distinct from cleavage, because fracture forms cracks in random orientations, rather than along fixed planes relative to the structure of the mineral. The most common types of fracture in minerals are uneven and conchoidal (curved, Figure 3-11). Figure 3-11. This piece of obsidian broke with a conchoidal, or curved, fracture. (https://www.thewoventalepress.net/iceland-spar-calcite-fellner/) https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EBIVfapWkAAOdHO.jpg (https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EBIVfapWkAAOdHO.jpg) [2] [1]

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 18/30  Question 6 0.3 / 0.3 pts https://www.thewoventalepress.net/iceland-spar-calcite-fellner/ (https://www.thewoventalepress.net/iceland-spar-calcite-fellner/) [2] A. The diagram above shows the results from simulation of crystal formation. Time proceeds from left to right. The top panel shows growth of the red crystal, and the bottom panel shows the arrangement of atoms. What aspect of mineral shape would result from this process? crystal growth faces B. The parallel cracks in the above crystal of halite are most likely due to cleavage .

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 19/30 Answer 1: crystal growth faces fracture cleavage Answer 2: cleavage fracture crystal growth faces Answer 3: fracture cleavage crystal growth faces  C. The curved surfaces on the above piece of smoky quartz are likely the result of fracture Specific Gravity Specific gravity is a measure of relative density of a mineral or rock compared to a standard, typically water. Pure water has a density of 1.0 gm/cm . Specific gravity is determined by comparing the weight 3

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 20/30 of a material to the weight of an equal volume of water. A mineral with a specific gravity of 3.0 would be three times heavier than an equal volume of water. Specific gravity is not expressed in units of any kind (it is a ratio). In today's laboratory we will compare the relative specific gravities of mineral samples 5 versus 6. We will use samples that have similar volumes (not exact). A simple way to determine the volume of an unknown mineral is to submerge it in water and determine the volume of water displaced by the mineral. For example, if you immerse a mineral with unknown volume in a beaker of water and it displaces 150 ml of water, the mineral would have volume equivalent to 150 ml, or 150 cm (1 ml = 1 cm ). Archimedes (288 BC - 212 BC), a famous Greek mathematician, was first to discover that the buoyant force on a floating object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. For example, if a boat is floating in water, it will displace a proportional weight of water equal to its own weight. As you add mass (cargo) to the boat, it will sink deeper as it displaces a weight of water equal to the weight of the cargo. We will use this principle to determine the relative specific gravities of mineral 5 and 6 (shown below). 3 3

2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 21/30  Question 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts We are first going to determine the volume of mineral 5 (view attached video). 0:00 / 0:17

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 22/30 Answer 1: 350 Answer 2: 400 Answer 3: 50  Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 pts The volume of water (blue food color added) in the measuring cup prior to immersing mineral 5 is 350 ml. (Possible answers: 300, 350, 400, 425, 450) After immersing mineral 5 into the measuring cup of water, the water level rose to the 400 ml level. (Possible answers: 300, 350, 400, 425, 450) Based on the above observations, the volume of mineral 5 is 50 cm3 (remember 1 ml = 1cm ) (Possible answers: 25, 50, 75, 100, 150) 3 We are first going to determine the volume of mineral 6 (view attached video). 0:00 / 0:18

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 23/30 Answer 1: 350 Answer 2: 425 Answer 3: 75  Question 9 0.3 / 0.3 pts The volume of water (blue food color added) in the measuring cup prior to immersing mineral 6 is 350 ml. (Possible answers: 300, 350, 400, 425, 450) After immersing mineral 6 into the measuring cup of water, the water level rose to the 425 ml level. (Possible answers: 300, 350, 400, 425, 450) Based on the above observations, the volume of mineral 6 is 75 cm (remember 1 ml = 1cm ) (Possible answers: 25, 50, 75, 100, 150) 3 3 If you could hold minerals 5 and 6 in your two hands, you would very easily be able to identify which has the higher specific gravity (one would feel heavier than the other). Because you are completing this lab online, you will use Archimedes Principle on buoyancy and the videos below to infer the relative specific

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 24/30 gravities of the two minerals. 0:00 / 0:00 0:00 / 0:22

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 25/30 Answer 1: 5 6 Answer 2: 5 6 Answer 3: M5 has a greater volume than M6 and greater weight on the raft. M6 has a higher specific gravity (is denser) than M5 and greater weight on the raft. M6 has a greater volume than M5 and greater weight on the raft. M5 has a higher specific gravity (is denser) than M6 and greater weight on the raft.  Which mineral has the greatest volume (you previously determined this answer)? [ Select ] Which mineral caused the greatest displacement of water when it was placed on the styrofoam raft? [ Select ] How do you reconcile the two answers above?M5 has a higher specific gravity (is denser) than M6 and greater weight on the raft. Other Properties Some minerals have other properties that are distinct and help us easily identify them. Magnetism - Some minerals, such as magnetite, are attracted to magnets.

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 26/30  Taste - Some minerals have a characteristic taste. For example, halite tastes like salt. Acid reaction - Some minerals that contain carbonate (CO ) will react with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl), forming carbon dioxide (CO ) gas bubbles. Calcite (CaCO ) will react with HCl. Feel - Some minerals that are very soft (hardness of 1), will feel soapy or greasy because some of the chemical bonds are very weak and break easily as the mineral is rubbed (e.g., talc or graphite). Presence of striations - Some minerals, such as iron pyrite (FeS), have closely spaced fine grooves located on their crystal faces. 3 2 3 B. Identifying the Common Rock-Forming Minerals Although over 3,800 different mineral species have been identified on earth, only 20 to 30 are abundant constituents of rocks. Of these 20 to 30 minerals, those found in Table 3.1 can be used to identify most rocks. The mineralogic composition of a rock depends upon the conditions under which that rock formed. Igneous rocks tend to have minerals that form at high temperatures; sedimentary rocks contain minerals that are stable at the surface of the Earth; and metamorphic rocks consist of minerals that form under a range of conditions of temperature and pressure below the Earth’s surface. Below is a list of the common rock-forming minerals found in each of the major rock types. Table 3.1 Common Rock-Forming Minerals. These are the most common minerals found with each type of rock. Notice that some minerals are common for multiple kinds of rocks, specifically quartz. Steps for Identifying Minerals

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 27/30  To identify a mineral, you must first list as many of the properties you can determine. Next, use mineral identification tables and flow charts to identify the minerals. Use the following procedure for each mineral: (Step 1) Determine whether the mineral has a metallic (go to step 2) or nonmetallic (go to step 3) luster. If you are uncertain about a mineral's luster, then it is probably nonmetallic. (Step 2) If the mineral is metallic, determine the mineral's characteristics in the following order and use Table A-1 (Appendix A) to identify the mineral: i. streak color ii. hardness iii. other properties as needed (Step 3) If the mineral is nonmetallic, determine whether it is light-colored (go to step 4) or dark- colored (go to step 5). (Step 4) If the mineral is nonmetallic and light-colored, determine the mineral's characteristics in the following order and use Table A-2 (Appendix A) to identify the mineral: i. hardness relative to glass ii. number of cleavage planes and angles between cleavage planes iii. other properties as needed (Step 5) If the mineral is nonmetallic and dark-colored, determine the mineral's characteristics in the following order and use Table A-3 (Appendix A) to identify the mineral: i. hardness relative to glass ii. number of cleavage planes and angles between cleavage planes iii. other properties as needed The below tables are what you will use to identify minerals in Lab 3B. Take a look at them now to get a feel for what information is used to

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 28/30 identify each mineral. These tables will be provided for you in Lab3B as well. Table A-1 . Metallic Mineral Identification Chart (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584328/download?wrap=1) (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584328/download?download_frd=1) .

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 29/30 Table A-2 . Light Colored Non-metallic Mineral Identification Chart (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584462/download?wrap=1) (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584462/download?download_frd=1) .

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2/25/24, 6:22 PM Laboratory 3A: An Introduction to Minerals: ESS 101 B Wi 24: Introduction To Geology And Societal Impacts https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/quizzes/1953709 30/30 Quiz Score: 3.5 out of 3.5 Table A-3. Dark Colored Non-metallic Mineral Identification Chart (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584326/download?wrap=1) (https://canvas.uw.edu/courses/1699809/files/113584326/download?download_frd=1) .

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