Study Guide Chapter 3
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Apr 3, 2024
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Exam 1 Study Guide: Part 3
Chapter 3: Earthquakes
Instructions:
Use the chapter 3 reading and lecture materials to answer the following questions. Some questions have multiple parts so carefully read the questions
and provide detailed and specific responses. Generally, the difference between a good grade and a poor grade on an assignment is based on whether or not the questions were answered completely.
The purpose of this assignment is to test your understanding of course materials covered from Chapter 3. Additionally, this assignment doubles as Part 3 of the Exam 1 study guide.
1.
What are the two basic features of a fault and how would you differentiate between them? (1 pt)
Footwall: The block below the fault line
Hanging Wall: The block above the fault line
2.
What are the three fault types and what stresses cause each to occur?
(1 pt)
Normal dip-slip fault: caused by tensional stress
Reverse dip-slip fault: caused by compressional stress
Left-lateral strike-slip fault: caused by shearing stress
3.
Describe the earthquake cycle. (1 pt)
The first stage is a long period of inactivity along a segment of a geologic fault. In the second stage, accumulated elastic strain produces small earthquakes. A third stage, consisting of foreshocks, may occur only hours or days prior to the next large earthquake. Foreshocks are small- to moderate-sized earthquakes that occur before the main event. However, in some cases, this third stage may not occur. The fourth stage is the mainshock, the major earthquake, and its aftershocks.4 An aftershock is a smaller earthquake occurring near the location of the mainshock anywhere from a few minutes to a year or so following the main event.
4.
What is the difference between the epicenter and focus of an earthquake?
(1 pt)
The Epicenter is the place on the earth’s surface above where the rocks broke to produce the earthquake.
The Focus or hypocenter is the point of initial breaking or rupturing within the earth.
5.
Define P, S, and surface waves. What are the relative rates of travel?
(1 pt)
Surface waves: waves that travel along the surface of the earth generated form seismic waves
P waves: Also called compressional or primary waves, they move fast and can travel through solids, liquids, and gasses.
S waves: Also called secondary waves, can travel only through solid materials and move
slower then P waves
6.
Describe the moment magnitude scale and the Richter magnitude scale. What are the differences between the two scales? (1 pt)
Momentum magnitude scale: absolute size of the earthquake, measurement of actual energy that is released, the estimate can take days or months to calculate.
Richter scale: first magnitude estimates; recorded with a seismograph, measures the ground shaking to determine the magnitude.
7.
How do plate boundary and intraplate earthquakes differ? (1 pt)
Plate boundary earthquakes only happen within the subduction zones. Intraplate earthquakes occur outside the subduction zones and are far less common then plate boundary earthquakes. 8.
What are other natural hazards linked to earthquakes? (1 pt)
Many other natural disasters are linked to earthquakes, like tsunamis and landslides. Earthquakes can cause Tsunamis because the earthquake happens on the ocean floor and it causes the tsunami.
9.
How can human activity cause earthquakes? How can we adjust to earthquake hazards? (1 pt)
We can cause earthquakes by loading earth’s crust. Whether its building a dam and a reservoir, or using disposal wells to inject waste into the earth. We can adjust to earthquake hazards by forecasting, predicting and warning.
10.What are the goals of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program?
(1 pt)
The goals of the program are to develop an understanding of the earthquake source, determining earthquake potential, predicting the effects of the earthquake, and applying research results
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