Lab #2 - kdg (2)
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University of Texas, Arlington *
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1301
Subject
Geology
Date
Apr 3, 2024
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6
Uploaded by SuperDiscovery13413
GEOL 1330
Name: Kylie Gomez Global Warming Lab #2 1. (30 points) Below you find a figure showing the annual and five-year running mean surface air temperature in the contiguous 48 United States since 1880 compared to the mean (average) temperatures from 1951-1980. Each square represents the average temperature for one year. The red line represents the average temperatures over a 5-year period. The graphs used in this exercise and their data can be found at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/
. Examine the graph and fill in the table below (“normal” refers to the 1951
-1980 average). Then determine whether or not temperatures show a trend over time. Time period
Number of years with mean Temp. > 0° to +1° above
normal
Number of years with mean Temp. more than +1° above
normal
Number of years with mean Temp. < 0° to -1° below
normal
1884-1903
5 0 15 1904-1923
4 1 14 1924-1943
9 1 8 1944-1963
13 0 6 1964-1983
6 0 14 1984-2003
13 2 4 2004-2023
13 8 0 Trend over time?
(circle one)
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
On average have temperatures risen or fallen since 1900 in the US? During which time period did the hottest years occur? After looking at this data set, how confident are you that there is an overall change in temperature? Explain your answer. During the 1900’s in the U.S, the temperature increased greatly. The time period that has had the hottest year yet is 2003 –
2023. I am confident that the temperature has had an overall increase because you can visually see an increase on the graph as well as the chart, the amount of above normal temperatures increases, and the below temperature decreases in the chart. 2. (40 points) Now examine the figure below showing variations in GLOBAL annual temperature since 1880 compared to the mean (average) temperatures from 1951-1980. Each square represents the average temperature for one year. The red line represents the average temperatures over a 5-year period. The gray bars show uncertainty estimates due to incomplete spatial sampling of data. Compare this graph to the one for the USA and answer the questions below.
Time period
Number of years with mean Temp. > 0° to +1° above
normal
Number of years with mean Temp. more than +1° above
normal
Number of years with mean Temp. < 0° to -1° below
normal
1884-1903
0 0 19 1904-1923
0 0 20 1924-1943
3 0 15 1944-1963
10 0 10 1964-1983
11 0 9 1984-2003
19 0 0 2004-2023
18 3 0 Trend over time?
(circle one)
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
Warming / Cooling, No-
trend
Compared to the US temperature data, are the trends shown by the global data set stronger, weaker, or the same strength? While the U.S. temperature data has a higher variance, I believe that the global data set is stronger because you can see an increase in the entire global temperature rather than just one country. The trends in the global temperature match up with the U.S. temperature but the fact there is such a noticeable change in the world, it is stronger.
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Have global temperatures risen or fallen since 1900, and how much have they changed? Global temperatures have risen since 1900, they have changed drasticall
y. In the early 1900’s there were rarely any days above normal (0 to +1) but in our current era (2003 –
2023) we have majority of above normal temperatures (0 to +1). Additionally, we now do not have any days that are below normal such as the early 1900’s had (0 to –
1) and in 2023, we were the only year to have above normal temperatures (+1). Are the years with the highest and lowest annual temperatures the same on both graphs? If not, how much do they differ? Somewhat, they both have the same year for the annual lowest temperatures, both occurred in 1917. But for the highest temperature, the U.S. year is 2012 and the global is in 2023. They differ by 11 years. Are the decades with the highest and lowest average temperatures the same on both graphs? If not how much to they differ (i.e. how much time is there between them)? Yes, the decades for the highest and lowest average tempertaures are the same on both graphs. The lowest temperature decade is 1903-1923 for both and for the highest average it is between 2003-2023. Suggest a reason why temperatures in the USA might differ from the average global temperatures:
Temperature may differ in the United States because it has less data to average compared to the gloabl average. The global average is the entire world not just one country. So, you have a higher chance of having drastically different temperatures around the world in just one day (let alone decades). The United States average temperature has less data to have to average, therefore it looks more drastic compared to the global average. 3. (10 points) The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet is 2.55 x 1018 kg. How would sea level change if the ice mass melted? Assume that the area of the ocean is 3.65 x 1014 m2 and the density of fresh water is 1000 kg m-3. How does your result compare with the value that was presented in the lecture? Please show your work. First, I did 2.55⋅10
18
1000
, but then I subtracted the 3 (that came from the 1000) from 18, so it turned my final equation into 2.55 ⋅ 10
15
but then we had to put that as the numerator over the area of the ocean. Meaning it turned into 2.55⋅10
15
3.65⋅10
14
, then putting that final equation into the calculator gave me 6.99 meters. So that means that the mass of the melting Greenland Ice Sheet would add 6.99 meters to the sea level. In lecture, we were told 7 meters would be added to the sea level, so we were 0.01 off but very close. 4. (20 points) Using the figure below, rank the important contributors to sea level rise in the year 2002 and list their contributions in mm since 1960. What is the approximate total contribution of melting vs. expansion (in %)?
The important contributors to sea level rise would be the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, the Glaciers, and small ice caps. The total contribution is (21 + 14 +16 + 8 = 59mm) 59 millimeters, then to see what percentage melted I did 21+14
59
, which then turned into 35
59
, then I just multiplied it by 100%, giving me
59% melted. Then for the percentage of expansion I did 16+8
59
, which then became 24
59
, again just multiply by 100%. Finally leading to 41% of expansion.
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