Quiz_ VO Reading Assign. Quiz

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2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 1/14 VO Reading Assign. Quiz Started: Feb 28 at 11:27p.m. Quiz Instructions  Question 1 3 pts Please make sure you have read and completed the Worksheet before starting this submission. coverage: VO Homework Reading Assignment and Worksheet on article by S. Self and R. Gertisser published in the prestigious journal Nature Geoscience in 2015 (https://go.openathens.net/redirector/ubc.ca?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fngeo2403) . For free access and to download this article from the UBC Library, you will need your CWL. Data cited in this article will be briefly examined. Finally, data from Figures comparing volcanoes from another article, in the Journal of Geophysical Research by Chaochao, G. et al., 2006 (http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi? article=1097&context=ers_facpub) , will be examined without requiring you to read any of it. Get the Worksheet in pdf format or in docx format from the Homework (https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/modules/903620) module. This Reading Assignment Quiz is a means of submitting your worksheet responses. Read each question carefully! The MOST COMMON ERROR in Reading Assignment Quizzes is not reading the questions carefully. The order in which questions are posed in the Quiz may differ from the worksheet, the answer options are randomized, and each student gets a different subset of the questions you answered on the worksheet. You have one attempt of 60 minutes to complete this submission. You should have lots of time since you are simply transferring your worksheet answers into the Quiz questions. What is the location of Tambora, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia? Enter the nearest whole number values with no decimals for LATITUDE -8 degrees North, and for LONGITUDE 118 degrees East. Use a negative number if latitude is South of the equator or if longitude is West of the meridian. This major eruption occurred in the year 1815 , and resulted in roughly 60000 direct fatalities.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 2/14  Question 2 1 pts  Question 3 1 pts How many years was this eruption prior to the article’s publication (2015)? 200 Finally, the article said the number of fatalities was probably smaller than the actual number of fatalities. What is the plate tectonic setting of the Mount Tambora volcano? in the middle of a oceanic plate a continent-continent collision zone on the over-riding plate above a subduction zone near a tectonic spreading center in the middle of a continental plate on the subducting plate just before it starts being pulled down under the over-riding plate All of the following statements refer to real difficulties associated with understanding very large volcanic eruptions. Which one represents the MOST fundamental or comprehensive (overarching) difficulty with determining recurrence interval ? Not all volcanoes emit enough sulphur to cause acidity spikes in ice cores. Locations of submarine volcanic caldera may be hard to identify. Erupted ash or pumice may become dispersed or redistributed by various process during eruption. The size of calderas may be the result of several eruptions. Large volcanic events are rare.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 3/14  Question 4 1 pts  Question 5 1 pts  Question 6 1 pts Detecting eruption events in ice cores does not yield an origin or source of the event. Thorough geochronological analysis of eruption deposits is rare. How long ago since 2020 was the most recent eruption of Santorini? roughly 7,300 years ago roughly 200 years roughly 760 years ago roughly 3,600 years ago roughly 560 years ago How long ago since 2020 was the most recent eruption of Kikai? roughly 3,600 years ago roughly 760 years ago roughly 200 years ago roughly 7,300 years ago roughly 560 years ago Based on your search of Google images, will Santorini‘s caldera be filled with seawater (connected to the ocean) or freshwater (not connected to the ocean)? seawater

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2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 4/14  Question 7 1 pts  Question 8 1 pts  Question 9 2 pts freshwater I can't tell which. Based on your search of Google images, will Kikai‘s caldera be filled with seawater (connected to the ocean) or freshwater (not connected to the ocean)? seawater freshwater Traces of eruptions found in ice cores are important clues to past eruptions. However, what crucial information is NOT clearly provided by these traces? date of the eruption causing the traces found in the core. whether the eruption was large enough to introduce material into the stratosphere. whether a particular eruption occurred before or after another known eruption detected in the same ice core. whether or not eruptions contained sulphur. which volcano generated the traces found in the ice core. What 3 factors will have some influence on whether ash will show up in an ice core? [Note: There are three correct answers. There is a penalty for choosing an incorrect answer.] extent of core sample area amount of erupted material dispersal pattern of erupted material

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 5/14  Question 10 1 pts  Question 11 0.5 pts  Question 12 0.5 pts  Question 13 1 pts recurrence interval volume of sulphur emitted acidity of ice layer This course addresses the following four aspects of natural hazards. Which one of these does this article concentrate on the MOST? identifying appropriate mitigation strategies. anticipating consequences predicting time/place of hazardous events describing geological processes This reading is mainly targeting a general non-scientific audience. True False The central message of this paper was based predominantly on work already presented in earlier publications or other forms of communication. True False The main purpose or context for this reading is to ______. (Hint: consider where or how it was published.)

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 6/14  Question 14 0.5 pts  Question 15 0.5 pts  Question 16 1 pts provide news for the general public explain some scientific matters to the general public offer social commentary to any reader present and discuss recommendations about scientific priorities in the peer-reviewed literature communicate new scientific methods, procedures or discoveries to experts in the subject provide information for a person or organization who requested it The following writing strategy was used in this article: Assertions and arguments supported by evidence based on observations, measurements or experiments done by the author(s) NO YES The following writing strategy was used in this article: Targeted human emotion YES NO "Recent estimates of the volume of magma erupted from Tambora during the April 1815 event range from 30 - 50 km ." The most reasonable way of describing this statement paraphrased from the article would be as ______. 3

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2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 7/14  Question 17 1 pts  Question 18 1 pts a result based on calculations using parameters and assumptions that could be varied to yield a range of values a suggested explanation that was (or is) not well established by a variety of observations or experiments an observation or quantity measured with instruments a conclusion, theory or ‘understanding’ that is well established, based on a variety of consistent observations and/or experiments and logical inferences. "Europe and northeastern North America experienced unusually cold summer months with frequent frosts." The most reasonable way of describing this statement paraphrased from the article would be as ______. an observation or quantity measured with instruments a suggested explanation that was (or is) not well established by a variety of observations or experiments a result based on calculations using parameters and assumptions that could be varied to yield a range of values a conclusion, theory or ‘understanding’ that is well established, based on a variety of consistent observations and/or experiments and logical inferences. Which one of these statements most clearly articulates the overarching claim of this article? Recurrence interval for very large eruptions can be estimated using statistical models. Better records of size and occurrence are needed to reliably forecast future large eruptions. People all over the world are likely to be impacted by single huge eruptions. Identifying volcanism-induced acidity spikes in ice-core records combined with discovery of a relatively young caldera are two steps that led to discovery of the Kuwae super volcano.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 8/14  Question 19 1 pts  Question 20 1 pts  Question 21 0.5 pts  Question 22 0.5 pts Magnitude 6 or more volcanoes can directly cause huge numbers of fatalities. Was the following claim supported by argument, discussion or a citation in the article? “Minoan eruption of Santorini in Greece may have formed a bigger caldera than Tambora's.” Yes No, the claim was just stated. The following phrase: “to see a large eruption in the ice-core record, large volumes of sulphur must have been emitted by the eruption” is part of an argument that supports the claim “ determining the recurrence time of catastrophic eruptions is difficult” True False Was the following statement mentioned in the article as a reason why estimating erupted volume is challenging? "Ejected ash, rock fragments and particles that land on the volcano's flanks tend to erode quickly." No, this was NOT mentioned in the article. Yes, this was discussed in the article.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 9/14  Question 23 0.5 pts  Question 24 0.5 pts  Question 25 1 pts Was the following statement mentioned in the article as a reason why estimating recurrence intervals is challenging? "There may be evidence of events in ice cores but attributing such evidence to particular volcanoes is not always possible." Yes, this was discussed in the article. No, this was NOT mentioned in the article. Was the following argument supported by describing or citing data, methods, or people responsible for the information? "…Kikai eruption that occurred offshore from Japan 7,300 years ago was almost certainly larger." No. Data or methods were neither mentioned nor referenced. Yes. Was the following argument supported by describing or citing data, methods, or people responsible for the information? "During eruptions, ash, pumice and hot gases can be ejected upwards into the atmosphere in an eruption column and outwards along the volcano flanks in the form of a pyroclastic flow." Yes. No. Data or methods were neither mentioned nor referenced. What kind of data do you think “ thickness of ash layers found in deep-sea cores ” would most reasonably be described as? simulated, modelled or calculated

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2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 10/14  Question 26 1 pts  Question 27 1 pts  observed – i.e. seen or noticed, not measured with instruments gathered – i.e. needing to be collected from people, archives, records etc. measured with instruments of some sort not really data What kind of data do you think “ magnitude of an eruption ” would most reasonably be described as? gathered – i.e. needing to be collected from people, archives, records etc. not really data simulated, modelled or calculated observed – i.e. seen or noticed, not measured with instruments measured with instruments of some sort Which of the following is a reason presented to support the claim that “ single huge eruptions can impact people all over the world ”? Global temperatures have been observed to drop following huge eruptions. Erupted materials are seen to get re-distributed within only a few years after being ejected. Calderas have been seen to fill, collapse or even coalesce with previous calderas. Sulphur gases leave layers of increased acidity in ice cores. Ash fall is known to occur not just adjacent to the eruption but far out to sea as well.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 11/14 Question 28 1 pts  Question 29 1 pts  Question 30 1 pts  Question 31 1 pts Compared to the Tambora eruption, the Kuwae eruption size was ______. unknown or not mentioned larger smaller similar Compared to Tambora, the Kuwae eruption occurred ______. at a date that is not known or not mentioned within plus or minus 50 years (± 50 years) at an earlier date at a later date Compared to Tambora’s eruption, impacts on humans from Kuwae’s eruption were ______. unknown or not mentioned greater similar less Where did the ice samples come from? Use Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 to fill in the blanks with the number of ice core sites or number of ice cores. (Answer with a number, for example 5 instead of the word "five".)

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 12/14  Question 32 1 pts  Question 33 1 pts  Question 34 1 pts There were 20 sites/locations in the SOUTHERN Hemisphere and 12 sites/locations in the NORTHERN Hemisphere where ice cores were obtained . However, based on Figures 3 and 4 , only 10 ice cores were used for analysis from the SOUTHERN Hemisphere and 10 were used from the NORTHERN Hemisphere. What is the horizontal axis for graphs in Figure 3 and 4? Acidity some other parameter Location (i.e. where in the hemisphere) Time (i.e. years) Electrical conductivity Fill in the blanks with a number, for example 5 instead of the word "five". Figure 3 shows 7 ice cores from the SOUTHERN Hemisphere that contain records of “sulfate flux” (i.e. basically the amount of sulphur causing acidity), and 3 ice cores that provided records of “electrical conductivity” (increased conductivity also implies increased acidity). Of these ice core records, 6 appear to have spikes of greatly increased acidity at times directly related to some event that occurred between 1450 and 1455. What is the maximum number of years following Kuwae's eruption for which greater than zero acidity of ice was found in either north or south locations?

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2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 13/14  Question 35 1 pts  Question 36 1 pts 1 year 2 years 4 years less than 1 year 3 years 5 or more years Which of the two volcanoes made ice in the NORTHERN hemisphere the most acidic one year after its eruption? (Ignore “Kuwae adjusted” data.) Kuwae Tambora Both caused similar acidity of ice How did acidity of ice following the Tambora eruption compare to acidity of ice following the Kuwae eruption? Acidity of ice following BOTH eruptions seems to be roughly similar. The Kuwae eruption caused ice to be more acid than did the Tambora eruption. Comparison depends upon the location of the ice. The Kuwae eruption caused ice to be less acid than did the Tambora eruption. Comparison depends upon the timing of samples following eruptions.

2/28/24, 11:37 PM Quiz: VO Reading Assign. Quiz https://canvas.ubc.ca/courses/130808/quizzes/702636/take 14/14  Question 37 0.5 pts 1974  Question 38 0.5 pts 1425 Quiz saved at 11:37pm From the “Eruptive History” tab: In what year was the most recent confirmed volcanic activity? From the “Eruptive History” tab: The oldest confirmed volcanic activity was in about the year ______. Submit Quiz

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