Homework #1_Brady
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Emporia State University *
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Geology
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Apr 3, 2024
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Name ___
Emma Brady
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Introduction to Earth Science ES 110
Homework #1 -- Rocks, Minerals, and Volcanic Activity (
Chapters 1, 2, 3, 6)
Instructions
: Define the following words and phrases and answer
the questions below
. Use this list of terms, processes, and concepts to your advantage as you study for the first exam in
ES 110. Answer all parts
of a question to be eligible for full credit (worth 20 pts. total).
Homework #1 is
due on lecture exam day, Monday 2/5/24 by 10:00 p.m.
via Canvas upload
. Late assignments will lose points; make sure you submit your work on time. _____________________________________________________________________________
1.
What are chemical sedimentary rocks and how do they form? Also, provide an example
of a chemical sedimentary rock. Chemical sedimentary rocks are one of the three main types of sedimentary rocks. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from minerals that crystallize in water. The process of their forming begins with minerals weathering and disintegration in water from pre-existing rocks. Then the
movement of sediment like water, wind, or ice does the transporting. After that, the sediment calms down in layers. The last step is lithification which transforms from sediment to rock. They are compacted and the air and any water is squeezed out between grains.
2.
In the world of metamorphic rocks, what does the term “parent rock” mean? Provide the name
of one parent rock
AND the resultant
metamorphic rock.
The term parent rock refers to the original rock that transformed into a metamorphic rock. An example of a parent rock and the resultant metamorphic rock is Shale and Slate. 3.
Explain the Mohs Scale of Hardness and how it can be useful in the study of minerals.
Mohs Scale of Hardness is used to measure the scratch resistance of minerals. The scale ranks minerals from 1-10, 1 being the softest and 10 being the hardest. One way the Mohs Scale of Hardness can be useful is to identify an unknown mineral. By completing a scratch test with a fingernail or glass they can determine where the mineral is at on the scale and narrow down possibilities.
4.
What is the Scientific Method?
The scientific method is an approach used to investigate phenomenon’s by making observations, developing a hypothesis, collecting data, and drawing a conclusion. 5.
What is the “streak” of a mineral, and how can it be useful for mineral identification?
The streak of a mineral is the color of powder residue from the mineral after being scratched or rubbed against a streak plate. It can be useful for mineral identification based on what color is left behind on the plate because it is often a different color than the mineral in a solid form. 6.
What are extrusive igneous rocks in terms of their formation process? Provide at least two
examples of extrusive
rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed from lava that erupts and the rocks are formed on the surface
of the earth. They cool down relatively quickly. Glassy texture igneous rocks are produced by rapid cooling. Fine-grained textured igneous rocks are produced from lava and cooled quickly
near the earth’s surface. And porphyritic textured igneous rocks are produced slowly and then rapidly cooling. Two examples of these extrusive rocks are pumice and basalt. 7.
What is a cinder cone? Describe the formation process
of this specific volcanic landform.
A cinder cone are volcanoes that are built from lava fragments. Cinder cones have a steep slope angle and occur in groups. Cinder cones start to form after another volcano erupts. The ejected material, including ash and volcanic rocks, settles around the vent of the volcano. As the cinder cone grows, the vent of the volcano becomes smaller and may even close due to the larger fragments that were ejected settling near the vent and crater.
8.
How do detrital sedimentary rocks form
? Provide a specific example of this type of sedimentary rock (provide at least one detrital rock name).
Sedimentary rocks form by weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, and cementation. Weathering: this is when pre-existing rocks break down and are dissolved by usually water or
other chemicals.
Erosion: the weathered rocks are moved by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
Deposition: the minerals settle, usually in water. Compaction: layers of minerals build up and compress together.
Cementation: this is when the minerals squeeze out the water and any air between them. Two examples of a type of sedimentary rock is shale and sandstone. 9.
Define: Scientific hypothesis -
A scientific hypothesis is an idea that can be tested by experiments and observations that can be proven to be true or incorrect. 10. Explain
the Bowen’s Reaction Series -
Bowens Reaction Series shows the order of minerals and crystallization in a cooling melt. The Bowen Reaction Series table shows what temperature minerals must be to crystallize. 11. What is magmatic differentiation?
Magmatic Differentiation is the process of more than one type of rock generated from a single magma. Magmatic differentiation changes the composition of the remaining melt after a volcanic eruption.
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12. Cleavage and fracture of a mineral (define both
terms):
Cleavage: is the tendency minerals have to break along planes of weak bonding. This creates a smooth cut.
Fracture: this is how a mineral breaks when no cleavage planes are present. This can result in a rough breakage. 13. Define: Scientific theory - The scientific theory is ideas that explain facts, events, or observations while using the scientific method and hypotheses.
14. What are pyroclastic materials/deposits? Provide two examples.
Pyroclastic fragments can be anywhere from pea-sized or range to “bombs more than 1 meter
across”. Two examples of pyroclastic deposits are scoria and pumice. 15. Describe what shield volcanoes look like compared to the other types of volcanoes
we have studied (meaning that all three types need to be mentioned here). Explain how shield volcanoes form in order to create this particular shape.
Shield volcanoes are broad and can be slightly dome shaped. They are generally the largest type of volcano and can overlap, coalesce, with one another. Cinder cone volcanoes are small
compared to shield and composite volcanoes and are usually found in groups. Composite volcanoes are in the middle of cinder cone volcanoes and shield volcanos in size, yet they are
the most violent type of volcano.
16. What is a lahar? How do they typically form?
A lahar is a volcanic mudflow. Lahar’s form by the rapid melting of snow and ice during volcanic eruptions from floods and lakes. 17. Define the following two terms: volcanic crater
and caldera
Volcanic carter: a steep-walled depression at the summit of a volcano.
Volcanic caldera: a summit depression that is greater than 1 km in diameter. 18. How does an igneous porphyritic rock texture form
? Be specific. Describe
what this rock texture looks like
.
An igneous porphyritic rock forms with two rates of the cooling process. First it starts by cooling
down slowly but if it is moved away from the heat source is starts to cool rapidly. A porphyritic rock texture looks very smooth. You can see the difference of the crystals and the very fine grains that surround them. 19. What does a composite volcano
look like in terms of its size & shape? Compare this volcano to the other two types of volcanoes
we have studied (all three need to be mentioned here).
A composite volcano can also be known at a stratovolcano. It is on the larger side of volcanoes. They are symetrically shaped in a cone because they are built in layers. The largest volcano is the
shield volcano. They are more dome shaped than a cone. They usually start as seamounts on the ocean floor and overlap with other shield volcanoes. Cinder cones are smaller volcanoes and appear in groups. They have steep slopes that range from about 30-40 degrees. 20. What are the five
individual components to the definition of a mineral
?
a) Naturally occurring
b) Homogeneous solid
c) Crystalline Structure
d) Definite chemical composition
e) Inorganic