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GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 – Lab 2 (Fall 2023) Dinosaur Anatomy and Cladistics Head TA: Eric Tessier TAs: Taewoo Chun, Ross Campbell, Cecily Taylor Email: historyoflifelabs@queensu.ca Tuesday (SECTION 002) LAB ASSIGNMENT The Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday lab sections use different dinosaurs, cladograms, and marking schemes. Please only use this lab file if you are registered in the Tuesday (Section 002) lab. This lab was prepared by: Name Student # Fill in all actively participating group member’s names. If a member of your team is absent, fill in their name and student number but write “not present” under their name. For Lab 2, we are asking you to answer all questions as a group (you may NOT work individually) and upload ONE completed PDF file to onQ by Wednesday, October 18 at 9:30 pm, Eastern Daylight Time (EDT). Please follow the file naming convention for your lab report that you upload: LastNameFirstInitial_LastNameFirstInitial__LastNameFirstInitial_L2_GEOL107. Example: FitzgeraldD_JosephA_GarciaP__TessierE_L2_GEOL107 Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials)

GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 – Lab 2 (Fall 2023) Dinosaur Anatomy and Cladistics Welcome to Lab 2 of GEOL 107/ GEOE 207! The purpose of this lab is to give you a firsthand experience of cladistics and how cladistic analyses work. As an added bonus, you will also get to discover the thrilling world of dinosaurs by learning about their anatomy and lifestyle, as well as part of their evolutionary story. You’ll determine which dinosaur groups are related to one another, and how closely they are related. Your completed cladogram will also help elucidate the origin of birds and feathers. Required Materials 1) Lab 2 Handout (Microsoft Word) 2) Dinosaur Anatomy Guide (PDF) Deliverables: 1) Character Identification Worksheet (Part 1; pg. 5) 2) Cladogram (Part 1; pg. 8) 3) Short-Answer Questions (Part 2; pg. 6-7) Instructions: Step #1: Fill in the Character Identification Worksheet using the provided Dinosaur Anatomy Guide. Mark each character a dinosaur has with an ‘x’. If you determine a Genus to be a dinosaur ancestor, leave the column blank. Step #2: Complete the ROUGH COPY of your cladogram based on your Character Identification Worksheet, separating the dinosaurs first into Saurischians and Ornithischians. Remember that the more groups a synapomorphy is shared with, the more ancestral that character is and therefore, the closer to the base of the cladogram it will plot. Generally, the more characters a group has, the more derived it is, and will therefore plot further from the base of the cladogram . Step #3: Answer the questions at the end of the lab. Step #4: Complete the GOOD COPY of your cladogram. Step #5: Compile all deliverables into ONE completed PDF file to be uploaded onto onQ. Please follow the file naming convention for your lab report that you upload: LastNameFirstInitial_LastNameFirstInitial__LastNameFirstInitial_L2_GEOL107. Example: FitzgeraldD_JosephA_GarciaP__TessierE_L2_GEOL107 Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) REMEMBER: 1. Apomorphies are INNOVATIONS. They can be the addition of a new character OR the loss of an ancestral character. 2. A single clade can have multiple synapomorphies 3. A single taxon can have multiple apomorphies. 4. Dinosaur names are GENUS names. That means they MUST be italicized, underlined, and capitalized (e.g., Triceratops )!

GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Dinosaur Characteristics Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials) Hollow Bone Solid Bone Furcula: fused collarbones HINTS:  Dinosaurs can have more than one type of tooth  Any less than 5 digits is a “Loss of digits”  When determining the type of hip, focus on the pubis and ischium

CHARACTER Euparkeria Allosaurus Apatosaurus Archaeopteryx Edmontosaurus Euoplocephalus Tyranosaurus Iguandons Triceratops Velociraptor Total Taxa with this character (/10) Apomorphy (A) or Synapomorphy (S) Legs positioned underneath body Ornithischian pelvis Saurischian pelvis Predentary Bone Loss of ANY foot digit or presence of rudiment Flat oval-shaped teeth with a central ridge Ossified tendons along back and tail Sickle claw Three large pointed horns on face Thumb spike Multiple rows (a ‘battery’) of flat, oval shaped teeth used for grinding vegetation Feet with pads on soles to support great weight Neck as long as body AND tail Serrated teeth Feet with sharp, recurved claws Only 2 digits on hand Collarbones completely fused to form a Furcula (“wishbone”) Pneumatic (hollow) bones Arm length greater than leg length Wings and tail feathers

GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Part 2 - Questions: to be answered AFTER completing the cladogram 1) A PLESIOMORPHY is an ancestral or primitive synapomorphy. Based on your cladogram, what is a plesiomorphy shared for all dinosaurs? ( 1 Mark) 2) List the APOMORPHY (s) that separate Triceratops from all other Ornithischian dinosaurs. (1 Mark) 3) Looking at your completed cladogram what do Velociraptor, Euoplocephalus, and Allosaurus have in common? (1 Mark) 4) What immediate advantages would hollow bones provide over solid bones? What subsequent major event in dinosaur evolution was made possible by this earlier preadaptation? (2 Marks) 5) Sinosauropteryx is a compognathid dinosaur, similar to Archaeopteryx . In 2010, scientists identified phaeomelanosomes which indicate colour and pattern, it is proposed that Sinosauropteryx had reddish-brown stripes along its tail and back. ( 2 Marks) a) What advantage would this give Sinosauropteryx ? b) Give an example of this with a modern animal and explain 6) In 2004, researchers in China shocked the paleontological world by discovering a Gorgosaurus dinosaur (same Family as Tyrannosauris ) surrounded by a halo of downy Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials)

GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) feathers. Subsequent discoveries have shown that feathers were present on other tyrannosaurids. Based on this information: a) Insert feathers as a character in your cladogram. ( 2 Marks) b) Are feathers an apomorphy or synapomorphy? ( 1 Mark) c) Based on your cladogram, predict which dinosaur(s) may have had feathers. ( 3 Marks) d) No specimen of Tyrannosaurus has yet been found with feathers, but after the 2004 discovery of the feathered dinosaur, nearly all reconstructions have them. Why? (2 Marks) e) Why might fossils of Tyrannosaurus not be found with feathers if they had them? (1 Mark) f) Dinosaurs with feathers were almost certainly not capable of flight. What function do you think feathers first evolved for? (2 Marks) 7) Physical characters often evolve as a result of lifestyle. What feeding type (carnivory or herbivory) was first in dinosaurs? How can you tell? (3 Marks) 8) Birds and certain dinosaurs share many synapomorphies, including fused collarbones (forming the ‘wishbone’ or furcula), pneumatic (hollow) bones and clawed feet. Since their appearance in the Jurassic period, birds have also evolved several distinct apomorphies, such as the enlarged breast bone (keel) used for the attachment of flight Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials)

GEOL 107 / GEOE 207 Fall 2022 Lab 2 (Monday/Section 002) Group Members: Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials), Student # (Initials)