Rock ECSI Completed
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Sierra College *
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Course
0001
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
6
Uploaded by CoachNewt272
1
Earth Science 10
Name
Earth Science Building Blocks
Rocks
This assignment will help you become familiar with the materi
als that make up Earth’s crust:
rocks.
It will
also introduce you to the processes involved in weathering objects on Earth’s surface.
You
will be provoked
to think about the processes that physically created the world’s major landforms. Use
this and other homework packets as study guides for exams.
Rocks and the Rock Cycle
1.
What is the relationship between minerals and rocks?
2.
Explain the process of formation for the various rock groups (think of this in terms of the rock cycle).
Igneous Rocks:
Sedimentary Rocks:
Metamorphic Rocks:
3.
Who first described the rock cycle?
When?
4a.
What are the two types of igneous rocks?
&
b.
What are the two types of sedimentary rocks?
&
c.
What are the two types of metamorphic rocks?
&
5.
What criteria are used within each group to further distinguish among individual rock types?
Igneous Rocks:
Sedimentary Rocks:
Metamorphic Rocks:
victori
Lopez
minerals
are
homogenus
crystels
and
solds
internal
structure
and
chemical
composition
rocks
dont
have
as
constrates
and
weakness
some
rock
don
have
minerals
made
from
multon
rock
that
is
cooled
and
crystalized
made
from
preexisting
rock
weathered
overoded
transported
or
Composited
together
made
by
transforming
preexciting
rocks
by
heat
or
pressure
James
Hutten
Intrusive
extusive
Sandstone
limestone
Foliates
Non
Foliates
2
Igneous Rocks
1.
Describe the two most common processes that lead to melting of rock.
a.
b.
2a.
What is the geothermal gradient?
b.
What is the rate of the geothermal gradient in the upper crust?
3.
How do magma and lava differ?
4a
. How does Bowen’s Reaction Series describe the difference in chemical composition of igneous
rocks?
b.
Would you expect to find olivine and quartz in the same rock?
Why or Why not?
c.
If a lava flow has a basaltic composition (plagioclase, olivine and pyroxene), the rock type that would
form would be called
.
The magma remaining from the same magma
body that does not reach the surface but instead cools slowly and crystallizes at a depth of eight mile
would form the rock called
.
d.
What do granite and rhyolite have in common?
e.
What is the difference between granite and rhyolite?
f.
What minerals make up the intermediate composition igneous rocks, diorite and andesite?
g.
Describe the process of fractional crystallization.
decompression
melting
takes
place
within
Earth
when
a
body
of
rock
is
held
at
approximately
the
same
Fluxmelting
if
a
locs
is
close
to
its
melting
temp
is
reduced
and
Partial
melting
starts
the
rate
of
change
in
temp
with
respect
to
increasing
depth
in
Earth's
interior
25
%
per
Kilom
Ofdepth
magma
for
melton
rock
is
Underground
and
lava
for
molton
rock
that
breakes
through
the
Earths
surface
The
minerals
in
igneous
rocks
form
:
separate
groups
that
depend
on
the
temp
at
which
they
Crystallize
Not
find
these
two
together
because
a
dimont
war
farm
extrusive
Intrusive
chem
.
cal
composition
Thyolite
is
much
finer
Plagioclase
,
Feldspar
,
amphiboles
,
and
micas
Removeal
and
segregation
from
a
melt
of
mineral
precipitates
3
h.
Describe the general relationship between the crystallization temperature of the minerals and its
relative abundance of silica.
i.
Describe the general relationship between the crystallization temperature of the minerals and their
silicate structure.
*Note:
As the crystallization temperature of minerals decreases the resistance to weathering increases.
Weathering
1.
What is weathering?
2.
Briefly describe the two general categories of weathering.
Physical or mechanical weathering:
Chemical weathering:
3.
Match the correct physical weathering process with its description.
anthro-mechanical weathering
bioturbation
frost wedging
root wedging
salt wedging
trampling
unloading
Along the coast and in arid climates, dissolved salt in groundwater
grows as crystals in open pore spaces in rocks.
This process breaks apart surrounding grains and weaken
the rock so that when it is exposed at the surface wind and rain easily erode the rock.
Animals from worms to prairie dogs and badgers, push open cracks
or dig through rock to make their livings and homes.
Rocks buried deep underground are under immense pressure and
temperature.
As erosion removes overburden, rocks are able to cool, expand and crack.
Water makes its way into cracks in rocks.
When water freezes it
expands.
Over time, repetition of this process will wedge the rock apart and pieces break off.
Heavy animals or those with hooves can break apart rock via
compression or chipping.
Humans are the most prolific agents of weathering on Earth.
Some
activities in which humans engage that break apart rocks quickly include mining, quarrying, building
structures, dams and roads, and bombing.
As plants grow, their roots expand in cracks.
4.
How does mechanical weathering add to the effectiveness of chemical weathering?
5. What are joints and how do they form?
Olivine
normally
Crystallizes
first
at
between
1200
nd
1300°
depends
on
amount
of
silica
they
contain
As
Magma
cools
the
first
minerals
to
crystallize
have
lowest
melting
point
disintegration
and
decomposition
of
Materialat
or
near
the
surface
Frost
wedging
Root
Wedging
.
Trampling
,
Burrowing
Unloading
bioturbation
Root
wedging
anthro-mechanical
trampling
Frost
wedging
Salt
wedging
Breaking
down
rocks
in
to
smaller
pices
Increase
the
surface
area
for
chemical
attraction
In
solid
rock
that
is
strechead
and
its
brittle
strength
is
exceeded
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4
6.
Match the correct chemical weathering process with its description.
Carbonization
Dissolution
Lichens
Oxidation
A form of biochemical weathering in which fungus and algae live
together in a symbiotic relationship and release acid that slowly decomposes minerals in the rocks on
which they live.
This is a type of bio-chemical weathering.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or soil reacts with water to form
carbonic acid that breaks down minerals in rocks.
Oxygen in the atmosphere and water react with metals in minerals to
form new minerals.
Essentially, the minerals are “rusting”.
Some minerals, like salts, dissolve in water.
7.
Describe the process of spheroidal weathering.
8.
Describe differential weathering.
9a.
How is carbonic acid (H
2
CO
3
) formed in nature?
b.
What results when carbonic acid reacts with potassium feldspar?
c.
What results when carbonic acid reacts with calcite?
Sedimentary Rocks
1a.
Describe the common clastic sedimentary rocks.
Conglomerate:
Breccia:
Sandstone:
Shale:
b.
Describe the common chemical sedimentary rocks.
Limestone:
Travertine:
Chert:
c.
List the other rock names for chert.
d.
Describe the common biochemical and bioclastic sedimentary rocks.
Lignite:
Bituminous coal:
Coquina:
Chalk:
Diatomite:
Lichens
Carbonization
Oxidation
Dissolution
Cracking
and
splitting
off
of
curved
layers
from
a
generally
Spherical
boulder
occurs
at
diffrent
rates
as
a
result
of
variations
in
co
position
and
resistence
of
a
rock
or
diffrences
in
intensity
water
and
Carbon
dioxide
combine
to
form
Potassiu
carbonate
,
Kaolinite
,
dissolved
silica
dissolves
small
amounts
of
the
Calcite
and
carries
it
away
in
a
solution
through
cracks
and
pors
in
the
rock
made
of
rounded
pebbles
and
s
and
that
i
usally
held
together
Composed
of
large
angular
broken
Fragments
mainly
of
Sand
sized
silicate
grains
formed
from
mucd
composed
mostly
of
Calcite
and
aragonite
Often
has
fibrous
or
concentric
appearance
consisting
almost
entirely
of
Silica
Jasper
,
Chalcedony
,
agate
,
Flint
Brown
coal
middle
rank
coal
between
subbituminous
anthracite
composed
either
wholly
or
almost
entirely
of
the
transported
Form
o
limestone
Fossilised
Skeletal
remains
of
diatoms
5
2a.
What is the most abundant sedimentary rock?
b.
What is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock?
c.
What are the two most common minerals in sedimentary rocks? Why? 1)
2)
3a.
Compaction would have the most effect on which sedimentary rock?
b.
Compaction would have the least effect on which sedimentary rock?
c.
Which clastic sedimentary rock type is most easily cemented?
Why?
d.
List the three most common cements.
Metamorphic Rocks
1a.
What changes may happen to any rock that is exposed to agents of metamorphism (i.e. heat,
pressure & chemically active fluids)?
b.
What is a protolith?
c.
What is foliation and how does it form?
2a.
In contact metamorphism the agent of metamorphism is
.
b.
In regional metamorphism the agent of metamorphism is
.
c.
In regional burial metamorphism the agents of metamorphism are
and
.
d. Serpentinite is the state rock of California.
It and greenstone are
metamorphic forms of basalt.
The
primary agent of metamorphism for greenstone is.
,
while that of serpentinite is both that and
.
3a.
Describe the common foliated metamorphic rocks.
Slate:
Schist:
mudstonet
shale
Limestone
Quartz
is
a
hard
crystal
made
of
silicon
dioxide
K
feldspar
is
a
crystal
tha
↓
is
often
colored
that
I
sused
to
make
glass
Conglomerate
Course
grained
composed
of
a
substantial
corbonates
,
silicates
sulfates
pressure
or
temp
can
even
change
previously
metamorphosed
rocks
into
new
types
Unmetamorphosed
rock
from
given
metaorphic
When
Pressure
Squeezes
the
Flat
or
elongate
minerals
within
a
rock
so
they
become
aligned
contact
with
magna
Pressure
Law
temp
Temperature
pressure
Nonfolated
basit
formed
by
mudstone
shale
ar
sometimes
basalt
Under
low
pressure
medium
grade
rock
some
types
of
igna
rock
6
Gneiss:
b.
Describe the common nonfoliated (possibly weakly foliated) metamorphic rocks.
Marble:
Quartzite:
Anthracite:
Serpentinite:
Greenstone:
A Rock Synthesis
Match the correct rock type with the major landform or place.
Rocks may be used more than once.
Landforms may be made of more than one rock type.
Oceanic crust
A.
granite
Sierra Nevada Batholith, CA
B.
andesite
Arches & Canyonlands National Parks, UT
C.
marble
Quarry for Michelangelo’s David
D.
basalt
Quarry for chalkboard material
E.
sandstone
Andes Mountains
F.
limestone
Grand Canyon, AZ
G.
chalk
White Cliffs of Dover, England
H.
slate
Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Black Hills of South Dakota
Taj Mahal in India
Farmed
by
high
temp
and
high
pressure
delived
from
limestone
or
dolomite
and
it
consists
of
mass
of
interlocking
grains
quartz
rich
Sandstone
or
Chert
has
been
expo
sed
hard
brittle
and
black
Lustrous
a
green
to
black
and
is
often
mottled
with
light
A dark
colored
arears
rave f
liated
metamorphic
rock
that
overriding
plate
as
it
subducts
at
a
subduction
zone
H
A
E
C
G
B
E
F
P
C
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