Guided Notes

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Geology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Guided Notes Record chapter and name of video Earthquake documentary: San Andres Fault Notes Definitions of new words: Faults are classified by three directions of space: the rocks on either side. When there is a motion that is vertical, they are called dip-slip faults. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault. This means that the rocks are pressured and move divergently or convergently. When plate boundaries are convergent there is a subduction zone. The San Andreas fault is where two tectonic plates touch, these plates are the North American and the Pacific plates. The San Andreas Fault is roughly 700 miles long and roughly 10 miles deep. Furthermore, the San Andreas fault is about 280 million years old. Additional notes: During the fall of 2008, scientists were predicting what would happen if another seismic earthquake would affect southern California In 1906, there was an earthquake that occurred in San Francisco that would pass through California. 28000 buildings were destroyed, and numerous lives were taken by this disaster. However, this would lead to evidence being found of a line being formed in the earth after the earthquake, on the coast to the north and inland towards the south. When the plates strike and become stuck, the rest of the plate will move and the stuck section will begin to deform and compress. The tectonic plate will undergo stress noted as elastic Rebound. As they scrape together, they will produce seismic waves that will shake the surface. The boundary between the two plates in the San Andreas fault is viewed as a fault zone, the Olema Trough is less than a mile wide or many miles across (Salton Trough). Summary: Summarize the chapter in a brief paragraph (5-10 complete sentences!): Might be helpful to refer back to some of the objectives and expand on them Incorporate new terminology in the summary Use your own words! My words are not considered your words! Use complete sentences and punctuation The San Andreas fault is a large fault that runs across the coast of California. This ancient fault is known as a transform fault. The San Andreas Fault is the boundary between the North American plate and the pacific plate. The fault has been dormant, there is a belief that every 22 years, there will be a intense and serious earthquake that can negatively affect California. The San Andreas fault is roughly 280 million years ago, spanning about 700 miles long and 10 miles deep.

Scientists are attempting to predict the next earthquake to occur and help prepare California for the disaster. Objective assessment Learned a lot:  understand the history of the San Andreas fault Guided Notes Record chapter and name of video Geology: Earthquakes: Seismic activity Notes Definitions of new words: Earthquake: the surface of the earth experiences an aburpt shake as a result of a sudden release of energy within the lithosphere. earthquakes typically occur around faults Faults: plane or fracture along a rock that has experienced stress that has caused the displacement of rocks on either side of it. Hypocenter: The point of origin of an earthquake (aka the focus) Epicenter: directly above the Hypocenter on the earth's surface. this is what is reported when an earthquake is recorded Strike-slip: result of a horizontal sheer and are commonly grouped with transformed plate and have a side to side motion (ex: San Andreas fault) Normal fault: a displacement occurs in a vertical motion, either up or down, and commonly occur at the divergent plate boundaries. reverse fault: a result of compressional force causing one surface to be pushed over the top of the other and are common for conversion boundaries in subduction zones. There is a region that shows a large occurrence of earthquakes that is called the "ring of fire" Seismic wave: the released energy from an earthquake. This wave will travel from the hypocenter interior waves: aka body waves, which are known as P waves other types of body waves are secondary waves which are known as S waves. Intensity: the impact of the earthquake and takes into account what people feel and the damage caught. Richter scale: A base 10 log scale that assigns a single magnitude that is assigned to an earthquake. Mercalli scale: measures the intensity and is an observation tool and uses damages to assign a value.

When an earthquake originates underneath the ocean, it can potentially create a tsunami. Seismicity: the study of earthquakes and their frequency Additional notes: P waves are compressional waves and travel through matter. P waves travel roughly three miles per second and can pass through solids, liquids, and gases. S waves are much and are the second wave to arrive. S waves require a rigid solid to pass through in order to keep their shape. Rayleigh Waves: aka rolling waves and are shown to be moving across the earth's surface, they move slower than Love waves. Love Waves: Surface-shearing waves are paired with horizontal movements Summary: Summarize the chapter in a brief paragraph (5-10 complete sentences!): Might be helpful to refer back to some of the objectives and expand on them Incorporate new terminology in the summary Use your own words! My words are not considered your words! Use complete sentences and punctuation Earthquakes are measures and classified differently depending on terrain and intesnity. Geological features such as faults can occur, this is where seismic waves are emitted from. The anotomy of an earthquake can aide up by pinpointing where the earthquake came from. There are P waves and S waves that are emitted by an earthquake. Finally, there are different scales that are used to measure the intesnity of the earthquake as well as assignment of a base 10 numerical value to an earthquake. Objective assessment Learned a lot:  Understand and analyze the causation and effects caused by earthquakes Guided Notes Record chapter and name of video Earthquakes: Seafloor spreading and plate tectonics Notes Definitions of new words:

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Sea floor spreading: occurs at mid ocean ridges, including the mid atlantic ridge. This is where a new crust is formed as a result of volcanic activity with new magma rising to the surface and cooling to form a new oceanic crust. Basalt: a magnetic mineral Magnetite that covers the ocean floor. The atlantic ridge spreads between 0.8-2 inches per year and is a slow spread center Convection Cells: the most accepted theory for the movement of the plates. The movement is caused by a temperature difference so that the less dense material is rising and the heavier material is sinking as it cools. Because of the transfer of heat, magma can escape the asthenosphere and form a new lithosphere or it can spread outwards and under the lithosphere towards the plates and drag the plates to further open the ridges. subduction zone: where a plate is being pulled sideways and downward back into the crust underneath another plate compressive stress: a result of squeezing or compressing for example rocks that are located in the earth's crust tensile stress: an object is being pulled apart or stretched shearing stress: when the material is being slipped or slid diversion plate boundaries: plates that move away from one another The lithosphere is moving apart and expresses tensile stress. As it is being pulled apart, magma is moved toward the surface filling in any fractures. Convergent plate boundaries: plates that move towards each other ocean-ocean: occurs when two oceanic plates converge, and the older and colder plate gets subducted Ocean-Continent: the denser oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate and in the subduction zone. (intense earthquakes and volcanic activity) Continent-continent: occurs when either continent collides and will smash into one another rather than subduction. transform plate boundaries: Plates that move side by side with each other. Additional notes: More research was conducted and it was observed that the seafloor near the ridges were younger than the surrounding floor. The ocean floor has a zebra-like pattern with each pattern having a different Polarity. Furthermore, the ocean floor is made of Basalt. These strips of basalt would align with the earth's magnetic field. Plate tectonics state that the lithosphere is broken into 7 major plates that slide over the asthenosphere. 7 major plates: african, antarctic, Eurasian, indo-australian, north american pacific and south american pacific. These plates move in a rotational manner. The Pacific plate moves the fastest and the North American plate moves the slowest. across parallel to the imposed stress-strain is a result of deformation of the rocks caused by stress and can be permanent deformation or temporary if the deformation is temporary and returns back to its normal shape

elastic deformation: limit of elasticity of an object is exceeded then the object will be permanently deformed Summary: Summarize the chapter in a brief paragraph (5-10 complete sentences!): Might be helpful to refer back to some of the objectives and expand on them Incorporate new terminology in the summary Use your own words! My words are not considered your words! Use complete sentences and punctuation sea floor spreading occurs at mid ocean ridges and is where new curst if formed. This would cause 7 major tetonic plates to form that all behave differently. There are different forms of stress that the tectonic plates undergo to form new crust. With the stress, different types of boundaries are formed and are formed depending on the type of tetonic plate Objective assessment Learned a lot:  Understand and Identify the causation of seafloor spreading  Analyze the cause and effects of Plate tectonics. Guided Notes Record chapter and name of video Geology introduction to theories surrounding earthquakes Notes Definitions of new words: Plate Tectonics: The study of large-scale movement of numerous plates located in the lithosphere and explains features such as continents, earthquakes, and other geological features Pangea: a supercontinent that comprises all of the current continents into one land mass Fold Belt Mountains: Are created as a result of two or more tectonic plates being pushed together. ex: Alps and Appalachians. Constructionism: The theory that the earth was once a molten sphere and had gradually cooled; described the formation of the Terrain as a result of cooling contracting causing these buckles. This theory came with numerous problems such that cooling couldn't possibly result in that much

shrinkage. Geosyncline Theory: attempts to describe the formation of geological deformities. There was a linear channel carved into the earth and it was gradually filled with sediment. The filling of this occurred over thousands of years and folding and faulting occurred during this time of the sediment and folding of the fold belt mountains. Mid-Atlantic Range: the support of the continental drift. The ocean would have had a split. Paleomagnetism: The study of fossil magnetism in rocks Magnetite: An iron oxide that is strongly magnetic Remnant Magnetism: When magma cools the ferromagnesian mineral and crystals align themselves in the direction of the earth's magnetic field Additional notes: Pangea was proposed by Alfred Wegner and stated how the continents drifted apart. This hypothesis stems from a number of observations. This was made by a number of other individuals as well as the matching of fossils. This led to the comparison of different geological formations Marie Tharp is credited with being one of the best cartographers of the 20th century and used sonar data collected by Bruce Heezen. These topographic maps began to reveal ridges on the ocean floor. These materials remain in their direction unless they are melted and recrystallized again. Scientists discovered that rocks from different ages from the same area show different alignment directions and three possible explanations were developed. - continents remained fixed and the poles had moved over time (this theory is correct) Pangeum: the movement and tracking of the poles - The north magnetic pole was fixed and the continents themselves had moved - Both the continents and the north magnetic pole had moved over time Summary: Summarize the chapter in a brief paragraph (5-10 complete sentences!): Might be helpful to refer back to some of the objectives and expand on them Incorporate new terminology in the summary Use your own words! My words are not considered your words! Use complete sentences and punctuation plate tetonics are large scale moveemtns of numerous plates that are located in the lithosphere that create different geological anomolies. Before the split of the continents, there was a super continent named pangea. There are different theories that were presented to explain the theory of the tetonic plate movement. Marie Tharp would be a major contribution to the cartography of the ocean floor, this would reveal the Mid atlantic range. Furthermore, her findings would reveal that the earth's magnetic pole would flip, this was shown by the composition of the ocean floor and the patterns found within the Ocean floor.

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Objective assessment Learned a lot:  Understand the theory of plate tectonics

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