Samantha_Hernandez_Lab-6

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Geology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Volcanism (Lab 6) For this lab you will need the following:  Google Earth  Global Distribution of Volcanoes, Volcanoes of the World, Calderas, Earth’s Tectonic Plates KMZ files (Links to KMZ files are in the Volcanism Lab assignment in Canvas)  Calculator Global Distribution of Volcanoes  Click the link for the “Global Distribution of Volcanoes” KMZ file to begin this activity.  In the Layers panel, expand the “Gallery” layer and turn on the “Volcanoes” layer. Once the Volcanoes layer is turned on, you can hide the Layers panel.  Open the “Global Distribution of Volcanoes” folder and double click the “?” icon to fly to Central America. Open this “Global Distribution of Volcanoes” placemark. Open the “Plate boundary model” folder and turn off the “Rotation poles” layer by unchecking the box next to it.  Note: Convergent plate boundaries are drawn in blue, while divergent boundaries are drawn in red on the sea floor and in yellow on land.  Quickly navigate around the world, paying attention to the tectonic plate names and boundaries. Notice that the volcanoes that are displayed vary with the level of zoom. 1. Double click the icon for placemark A in the Places panel. a. Describe the location of volcanoes with respect to the plate boundaries in the area around placemark A. The volcanoes are along mid ocean ridge, around C and D. b. What is “different” about the volcanoes located around placemark I? They were made from a mid ocean ridge. 2. Double click the icon for placemark B in the Places panel. a. Once again, describe the distribution of volcanoes with respect to the location of plate boundaries. The volcanoes at the B are surrounding mid ocean ridges that have formed a few small islands. 3. Double click the icon for placemark C in the Places panel.

a. Describe the distribution of volcanoes with respect to the location of plate boundaries here as well. Then double click the icon for placemark D, and describe the distribution of volcanoes in that view. The volcanoes sit along a plate at C and D There is no volcanoes that reach that far down on the plate boundary b. Zoom out so that placemarks A, B, C, and D are all visible (or double click the icon for the “Pacific View” placemark). Then zoom in and fly along the rim of the Pacific Ocean. Explain why the Pacific Rim is called the “Ring of Fire,” and describe the conditions that exist to create the Ring of Fire. The term "Ring of Fire" is attributed to the Pacific Rim due to the numerous volcanoes that have been created by the subduction of oceanic plates beneath continental plates. 4. Double click the icon for placemark E and describe/name the type of plate boundary in this area. Convergent boundaries where two plates are colliding, continent-continent collision. a. Describe the distribution of volcanoes with respect to this type of plate boundary. How does the distribution of the volcanoes differ from the location of the volcanoes you observed at placemarks A, B, C, and D? Volcanoes distribution is closer together along the plate boundary. The other volcanoes from A B C D are not close together and are further apart from one another. 5. Double click the icons for placemarks F, G, H, and I in succession, stopping to study the distribution of the volcanoes in each of these areas. a. How does the distribution of volcanoes in each of these areas differ from those viewed previously? What do the distributions of the volcanoes in each of these places have in common with one another? These are hot spot locations. The volcanoes are all in a circle formation around one another. b. The volcanoes at placemarks F, G, H, and I are all “hot spot” volcanoes. Search the globe, and report the latitude and longitude of at least two additional probable hot spots. 41N 13E 64N 17W Calderas Crater Lake, Oregon Newberry Volcano, Oregon Calderas—Location 1: Crater Lake, Oregon.  Click the link for the “Calderas” KMZ file to begin this activity.  Open the “Location 1: Crater Lake” folder and click the volcano icon for the Crater Lake placemark to fly to it. Open and view the placemark balloon. Turn on the “Former Summit of Mt. Mazama” placemark in the Places panel, and then double click the “?” icon to fly to it, and open and read the placemark balloon there. Double clicking the red cross icon for the “Former

Summit” placemark will fly you to another good perspective to visualize the former Mt. Mazama.  Note: You may want to turn on and off the various placemarks in the Places panel to provide unobstructed views as you work through this exercise. 1. Double click the icon for placemark A in the Places panel to fly to it. Use the Ruler tool to collect the data needed to calculate the surface area of Crater Lake in mi 2 . Diameter of Crater Lake = 8.57 Surface area of Crater Lake = 33.15 Hint: Think how you calculate the area of a circle. 2. Double click the icon for placemark B and then for placemark C. You may want to fly back and forth between them as you answer the following questions. a. Describe the cross-sectional shape of the valleys indicated by the placemarks. C has a deeper valley than B b. These U-shaped valleys are characteristic of valleys formed by glaciers. How does the presence of these valleys help to indicate the former presence of a large volcanic mountain where Crater Lake now exists? The valleys may have been created from lava pouring from the volcano. 3. Turn on the Crater Lake Bathymetry Map and Crater Lake Map Key. As with most geologic maps, the oldest units in the key are located at the bottom right, and the most recent at the top left. a. Where on the map did the most recent volcanic activity occur? The most recent when looking at the map would be amcb. I know this because it mentions lava. b. What type of geologic activity dominates the crater today? The most recent on the top left is the light pale yellow color, so that would be, sediment gravity flow deposits. Which is the northwest basin, East basin and southwest basin. Calderas—Location 2: Newberry Volcano, Oregon.  Open the “Location 2: Newberry Volcano” folder and double click the “?” icon to fly to it. Then double click the volcano icon for the Newberry placemark to fly to it. Open and view the placemark balloon. The floor of the caldera contains several volcanic features that underscore the volcanic activity in the area.

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1. Describe and name the volcanic landforms at each of the following placemarks. a. A is a caldera to the east of volcano b. B is a crater surrounding the volcano c. C is a caldera to the west of the volcano d. D is a calderas created by lava flow west of the volcanic 2. Compare the size of the Newberry caldera with that of Crater Lake. Newberry is 5.7 square miles vs 23 square miles 3. List the features the floor of the Newberry caldera has in common with the floor of the Crater Lake caldera. Both the Newberry caldera and the Crater Lake caldera have domes 4. Other than the obvious lack of lake filling the caldera, in what ways is the Newberry caldera different from the Crater Lake caldera? The Crater Lake Caldera is less diverse than the Newberry caldera. It also has more domes, more vents and lava flow landforms. Volcanic Hazards  Open your internet browser (Firefox) and navigate to the Alaska Volcano Observatory website by following this link: http://avo.alaska.edu .  Click on the “Current Volcanic Activity” tab at the top of the webpage to navigate to the activity summary page. 1. List the volcanoes that are currently under alert for Alaska and Russia and indicate their Alert color. Korovin and Semisopochnoi are the two volcanoes that are currently under yellow alert.

2. Click on the “Volcano Activity Notifications” link at the top of the page under “Current Volcanic Activity”. Along the right hand side of the page is a table that lists Volcano Alert Levels and Activation Color Codes. List the Alert level definitions and color definitions you identified for the volcanoes above. Volcanic activity has somewhat decreased but it will continue to be monitored in case of an increase. 3. Now click on the “Volcano Information” tab at the top of the webpage. Under the alphabetical list of volcanoes, click on Redoubt Volcano. Redoubt lies only 103 miles from Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska. Answer the following questions using information you find for Redoubt. a. What type of volcano is Redoubt? What type of eruption is common with this type of volcano? List some of the volcanic hazards that could potentially affect Anchorage. A redoubt is a stratovolcano. b. What is the current color code for Redoubt? Green is the current color for redoubt. c. Click on the Reported Activity link to the left. List the years in which Redoubt had eruptive activity – include those listed with a (?). 1881, 1933, 1902, 1966, 1989, 2009 d. Now calculate the repose time (the number of years of no activity between each eruptive event) between each eruption and list them below. 21, 31, 33, 23, 20 e. Calculate the average repose time from above: Average repose time: 25.6 years f. Based on the average repose time, when do you expect the next major eruption at Redoubt Volcano will occur? It will be expected to erupt again around the year of 2034

Samantha_Hernandez_Lab-6

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