Earth and Space Science Exam 1
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School
Santa Fe College *
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Course
EVR1001
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
Pages
15
Uploaded by 16angievalcarcel
Exam #1 –
Chapters 1 –
6 Chapter 1
–
The Nature of Earth Science (1-10) 1. Be able to differentiate among components of the 4 spheres of the Earth (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere). (1.4) -
Atmosphere o
Mix of mostly nitrogen and oxygen that surrounds earths surface -
Biosphere o
All types of life and all the places it can exist on, above, and below earths surface -
Hydrosphere o
Water in oceans, glaciers, lakes, streams, wetlands, groundwater, moisture in soil, and clouds -
Lithosphere o
Solid upper part of the earth ▪
Including earth’s crust and uppermost mantle 2. Know the processes involved in the hydrologic cycle. (1.5) -
Local- to global-scale storage and circulation of water and associated energy near earths surface o
Condensation o
Precipitation o
Infiltration o
Evapotranspiration
3. GPS and how it works. (1.9) -
Global positioning system o
Series of satellites orbiting earth that send radio signals to ground-
base receivers ▪
Provides accurate position on earths surface including latitude, longitude, elevation, and how fast we are traveling 4. Why continental ice sheets were more common in the past. (1.2) -
Climate was slightly cooler than it is today 5. What distinguishes the inner planets from the outer planets. (1.11) -
Rocky planets, affected by the sun and moon o
Mercury, Venus, mars, earth 6. How dry climates might impact people (1.16) -
Less access to water 7. How an oil field might impact people living nearby. (1.16) -
Pros o
Job opportunities o
Improve economy -
Cons o
Risk of oil spill 8. Know what a geologic map is and what information it shows. (1.7) -
Represents the distribution of rock units and geologic features exposed on the surface
9. Know what a topographic map is and the information it shows. (1.7 –
1.8) -
Shows the elevation of the land surface with a series of lines called contours o
Each contour line follows a specific elevation on the surface ▪
Give no specific information about the types of earth materials on the surface 10. Know what density is. (1.12) -
How much mass is present in a given volume o
Density= mass/volume
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Chapter 2
–
Minerals and Mineral Resources (11-20) 11. Know what rocks and minerals are composed of. (2.1) -
Rock -
Mineral o
Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid with a relatively consistent composition 12. The diagnostic properties of minerals, and which can be observed without doing a test. (2.3) -
Diagnostic properties o
Crystal shape o
Cleavage o
Color o
Luster -
Tests o
Hardness o
Streak o
Effervescence o
Magnetism o
Density o
Microscopic observation 13. What the Mohs Hardness Scale represents. (2.3) -
10 familiar minerals ranked in order of hardness o
Describe relative hardness of the minerals, but the numbers do not provide a real comparison of their actual hardness
14. The arrangement of atoms in a silicate tetrahedron. (2.4) 15. Recognize different types of cleavage surfaces in a mineral. (2.5) -
One direction -
Two perpendicular directions
-
Two non-perpendicular directions -
Three perpendicular directions -
Three non-perpendicular direction
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16. What the oxide class of minerals is. (2.6) -
Oxygen bonded with a metal o
Iron in the mineral hematite (Fe2O3) o
CO2, SO2, CaO, CO, ZnO, H2O 17. What the arrangement of silicate tetrahedra look like in a sheet silicate. (2.7) 18. The term silica refers to the compound SiO
2 (2.7) -
Compound containing only silicon and oxygen in a ration of 1:2 o
Quartz 19. The minerals and rocks comprised of calcium carbonate (CaCO
3
). (2.9) -
Metallic element linked with a carbon-oxygen combination -
Calcite, dolomite, malachite, azurite
20. The type of chemical bond that occurs in a water molecule (H
2
O). (2.11) -
Covalent Bond Chapter 3
–
Earth Materials (21-30) 21. The processes involved in turning sediment into sedimentary rock. (3.2) -
Weathering -
Erosion and transport -
Deposition -
Burial and lithification -
Deformation and metamorphism -
Melting -
Solidification -
Uplift 22. Why shales have “soft” slopes (i.e. not steep). (3.13) -
Easily eroded rocks o
Slip away and fall smoothly ▪
Associated with mudslides
23. Know what dunes are, what they are composed of, and what kind of rock might form from this material (3.1) -
Sand o
Sedimentary rock 24. What happens to sedimentary particles (clasts) as they are transported ever further distances from their source rocks. (3.6) -
Break apart, become rounder 25. The various characteristics of sedimentary rocks help to define different layers. (3.8) -
Thickness of layer -
Grain size -
Color -
Boundaries between layers 26. Recognize sediments in a photograph and which general type rock they would produce. (3.1) -
Glaciers o
Sediment ▪
Large, angular boulders ▪
Fine rock powder -
Steep mountain fronts o
Large, angular rocks that broke away from bedrock -
Sand dunes o
Sand -
Beaches o
Sand, broken shells o
Rounded, well-worn stones -
Seafloor o
Mud and remains -
Stream channels o
Sand, pebbles, cobbles
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o
Silt and clay 27. Understand what an igneous rock is and how it is formed. (3.1) -
Form when volcanoes erupt ash and lava, or when molten rock crystalizes in magma chambers at depth 28. Understand magma and how it is formed. (3.2) -
Rock exposed to high temperature and melts 29. How an igneous rock with a finely grained or glassy texture is formed. (3.10) -
Cooled faster 30. What pumice is and how it is formed. (3.10) -
Volcanic rock containing many vesicles o
Gas bubbles escape and when settled leave holes in the rock Chapter 4
–
Earth History (31-40) 31. Who James Hutton was and why he is important in the history of Earth Science. (4.0) -
Earth was far older than we thought o
Siccar point 32. Angular unconformity, nonconformity, and disconformity. Be able to match these terms to their respective illustrations. (4.2) 33. What a disconformity is and what factors lead to a disconformity. (4.2)
34. The four main subdivisions of the geologic timescale and their chronological order (i.e. sequence from first to last). (4.5) 35. What characteristic might ensure the survival of a species. (4.5) -
Predators and prey -
Competition -
Adaptability -
Reproductive strategy -
Climate -
Environmental setting 36. How the atmosphere became enriched in oxygen. (4.9) -
Precambrian organisms evolved, started to photosynthesize, and eventually produced and oxygen-rich environment 37. What the principle of superposition means. (4.1) -
When a layer of sediment is deposited, any rock unit on which it rests must be older
38. How cross-cutting relations establish the relative age of different rocks. (4.1) 39. What an angular unconformity is and how it is formed. (4.2) 40. Recognize the youngest event (deposition or erosion) shown on block diagram. (4.11) Chapter 5
–
Plate Tectonics (41-50) 41. What tectonic process has caused the Tibetan Plateau to have a high elevation. (5.7) -
Continent-continent convergent boundary 42. Recognize and name the major oceans of the world on a map. (5.2) 43. What tectonic process is occurring at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (5.3) -
Sea floor spreading and continental drift
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44. Which two plate boundary features occur along a mid ocean ridge. (5.5) -
Divergent and transform 45. What occurs at mid-ocean ridges. (5.6) -
Divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic lithosphere forms as two oceanic plates move apart 46. What occurs during continental rifting. (5.6) -
Divergent boundary formed within a continent 47. What subduction is. (5.7) -
Oceanic plate slides underneath continental plate o
Can cause an eruption 48. How fast plates move relative to one another. (5.13) -
1 to 15 cm/yr 49. What ridge push is at a mid-ocean ridge. (5.13) -
Gravity causes the plate to slide away from the ridge and push the plate outward 50. What would occur if Earth’s magnetic polarity reversed. (5.14) -
Compass would point south o
Poles flipped Chapter 6
–
Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes (51-60) 51. What hazard and risk mean in the context of volcanism. (6.5) -
Hazard: potentially dangerous situation -
Risk: societal impact if hazard occurs
52. What hazard might occur if a volcanic eruption occurred beneath an ice sheet. (6.5) -
Melted the ice, causing a flood 53. The characteristics and landform features of basaltic lava flows (6.6) -
Pours from vent and flows downhill o
Sometimes fills up and overtops crater 54. What kind of slope is typical for a shield volcano such as Mauna Loa. (6.6) -
Fissures 55. What a composite volcano is and what it is composed of. (6.7) -
Fairly symmetrical mountains thousands of meters high o
Moderately steep slopes and commonly a crater at the top o
Interlaying of lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows 56. The type of volcanic rock that is most common in composite volcanoes. (6.3). -
Intermediate-composition rocks o
Andesite, felsic, mafic 57. What volcanic domes are and where they occur in a caldera. (6.9). -
Large basin-shaped volcanic depression 58. The relative temperature of materials ejected from volcanoes. (6.0) -
500-1000 59. The characteristics that might be associated with an actively erupting volcano. (6.3)
-
Vent where magma and other volcanic products erupt onto the surface -
Carter -
Volcanic rocks -
fissures 60. The influence of a magma’s viscosity on the movement of gas in the magma and the explosiveness of eruption. (6.4) -
High viscous o
Increases pressure, gas cannot escape ▪
Explosive eruption occurs -
Less viscous o
Flows smoothly down ▪
Nonexplosive eruption
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