MA2 WTK
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Arizona State University *
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Course
101
Subject
Geology
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
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7
Uploaded by BailiffField3321
Matter and Minerals
What are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s continental crust?
Oxygen and
silicone
What is quartz?
Quartz is mineral made up of silicon and oxygen atoms.
Diamond?
Is
made up of carbon.
What causes it to be different colors?
The chemical elements
involved while the crystal is being formed.
What is a polymorph?
Two different minerals that have the same chemical formula but
different crystal structures
What is cleavage?
It describes the tendency for crystals to break along planes pf weaker
atomic bonds.
What is silicate tetrahedra?
Dominant shape in which silicon and oxygen atoms combine
in silicate minerals
^What are the ions?
4 oxygen and 1 silicone
Their relative sizes?
Oxygen ions are larger
in size than silicone ions.
What is or is not a mineral?
o
Naturally occurring, formed naturally
o
Solid
o
Crystalline structure (arranged in specific order)
o
Definite chemical composition (defined by chemical formula)
o
Inorganic
Which part of an atom in negatively charged?
Electron
What are the most important factors for forming a mineral?
The electrical charge and size
of the ions
How many known minerals are there on earth?
Over 4000 minerals
Igneous Rocks
How is an igneous rock formed?
It is formed when magma or lava cools and solidifies.
What is intrusive versus extrusive, plutonic versus volcanic?
Intrusive (plutonic) rocks
are rocks that formed deep down. Extrusive (volcanic) are rocks that formed at the
surface,
What is batholith?
A huge pluton
Understand dark versus light silicates, and what they have more or less of.
Dark silicates
are rich in Fe and/or Mg and are poor in Si. Light silicates are rich in Si, K, Na, Ca and
are poor in Fe and/or Mg.
What does the effect of water have on the melting temperature of rock?
Adding water
lowers the melting temperature
Volcanism
What is high versus low viscosity?
It describes a materials resistance to flow. Low
viscosity would be like water, and high would be like honey.
How does silica content relate to viscosity?
High silica content causes explosive
eruptions (more viscous). Lower silica content causes Effusive eruptions (less viscous).
Which of the following volcano types typically has the greatest horizontal extent?
Shield
Volcano
What and where is the largest volcano in our Solar system?
Olympus Mons on Mars
Review Arizona’s San Francisco volcanic field information and their volcanoes. Are they
active?
Yes, it is still active
When was Yellowstone’s last super eruption?
630,000 BCE
What is the greatest immediate danger to human life from volcanic eruptions?
Pyroclastic
flows
How do massive volcanic eruptions relate to global temperatures?
It causes a reduction in
temperatures
What is a caldera, crater, and other parts to a volcano?
o
Caldera: the top of the volcano collapses down since the magma chamber emptied
(big circular depression)
o
Crater: a bowl-shaped depression atop a volcano, forms from explosive
excavation of rock and erupted lava piling up around vent
What lowers the viscosity of erupting magma?
Gas
Which of the following is the greatest contributor to the gas in volcanic eruptions?
H20
Sedimentary Rocks
What is the scientific principle that describes increasing age with depth for sedimentary
layering?
Law of superposition
What is a breccia? a conglomerate?
Breccia is conglomerate with angular grains (didn’t
travel far) and conglomerate is composed of gravel and rounded.
Which sedimentary rock clasts are carried in slow versus fast streams, and which rocks
are made from them?
In FAST streams big clasts are carried (Conglomerate) and in
SLOW streams, small clasts are carried (shale, siltstone, Breccia).
What is the most abundant sedimentary rock on Earth’s continents?
Shale
What is the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock on Earth?
Limestone
How is limestone formed?
Composed mainly of calcite
Are sedimentary rocks the most abundant of those found on Earth’s surface?
Yes
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What does grain size of sedimentary deposits infer?
Geographic extent of the weathering
rock at outcrop.
What is the significance of buried plant material over geologic time?
It forms coal
What is a chemical versus biochemical versus clastic sedimentary rock?
Biochemical
sedimentary rocks are cemented shells of organisms and clastic sedimentary rocks are
loose rock fragments (clasts) cemented together.
What is the order of events to make a clastic sedimentary rock?
Erosion, transportation,
deposition, lithification
Grand Canyon:
Where are the oldest rocks?
At the bottom of the canyon.
Why is it red?
Due to the iron
present in the mineralogy of the rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Which rock forms through metamorphism of limestone?
Marble
. Sandstone?
Quartzite.
Shale?
Slate
Know the correct order of rocks of increasing grade of metamorphism (e.g., Shale to
Gneiss).
Slate, phyllite, schist
What are examples of metamorphic rocks that are composed predominantly of a single
mineral?
Marble and Quartzite
What is foliation?
The parallel alignment of different mineral bands
Plate Tectonics
What is the driving force behind plate tectonics?
Convection of Earth’s solid mantle
What is the speed of tectonic plates?
Cm/year
What were Alfred Wegener’s lines of evidence for continental drift?
o
Fit the continents
o
Glacial evidence
o
Paleoclimatic Evidence
o
Fossil evidence
o
Matching geologic structure
What happens at divergent vs convergent plate boundaries resulting in the melting of
rocks?
At divergent plate boundaries seafloor spreads which results in decompression
melting. At convergent plate boundaries water lowers the melting temperature of rocks.
What happens beneath hot spot volcanoes to make melt?
Hot mantle PLUME brings deep
hot rocks up, they melt (from both high temperature and pressure reduction) and erupt.
Earthquakes
Can earthquakes be predicted?
No
Which vibrational motion happens for a P-wave?
Expansion/Compression, push/pull
motion.
An S-wave?
Shear, side-to-side motion
^Which wave is fastest?
P wave
How is a tsunami caused?
Result from vertical displacement of the sea floor fault
What is a strike slip fault?
A vertical fault where the walls of rock on either side of the
fault slide past one another in the horizontal direction.
What is a normal fault?
A vertical fault where the rock on one side of the fault slides
vertically upwards and the other downwards.
Where does the slip on a fault in an earthquake first initiate?
hypocenter
What’s it called at the surface above this?
Epicenter
Which seismic wave causes the most damage?
Surface Waves
Know the dates and what was significant about the 2004 Indonesian and 2011 Japan
earthquakes.
In Dec 2004 a massive Earthquake hit and was followed by a devastating
tsunami in Indonesia.
Which measure of earthquake size describes the damage at the location of the observer?
The Mercalli Scale.
At the earthquake?
The Magnitude Scale.
Remember every number on the magnitude scale means 32 times more energy released
than the next lower magnitude number.
How many earthquakes happen on Earth every year?
More than a million a year.
Everyday?
Over a dozen
Deformation, geologic structures
What is a syncline?
A fold that opens upward like a trough, the limbs dip inward and
toward the hinge
. An anticline?
A fold that looks like an arch, the limb dips out and way
from the hinge.
Why do mountains “grow”?
Because they uplift due to compressive tectonic forces that
are at play which results in Earth’s crust actively being pushed up
What is a craton?
Is crust/lithosphere that hasn’t been deformed in a long time.
What’s the difference between ductile and brittle deformation?
DUCTILE are things that
can bend, deform, flow without fracturing. BRITTLE are things that break, crack, and
slide.
Earth’s Interior
What is the diameter of Earth? (Remember, diameter is twice the radius)
7,917.5 mi
Why does Earth have a magnetic field?
To protect us from the radiation of the sun
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