GEOL 1408 Spring 2018 Exam 1 Test A

GEOL 1408 Spring 2017 EXAM 1: Test A 1. Volcanoes result from _____________ forces. a. Internal b. External c. Good d. Evil 2. Which statement best compares natural hazards with natural disasters? a. Natural hazards have affected humans over the past couple million years or so, whereas natural disasters have affected planet Earth over billions of years. b. A natural disaster results in a significant amount of death and destruction to an area, whereas a natural hazard has the potential to cause death and destruction. c. Natural hazards refer only to earthquakes and volcanoes, whereas natural disasters refer to all natural processes that can cause death and destruction. d. Natural disasters are caused entirely by people whereas Earth's natural processes cause natural hazards. 3. Which of the following states is NOT at risk for hurricanes? a. Florida b. Louisiana c. Texas d. Mississippi e. Idaho 4. Which of the following areas of the United States is NOT at risk for any natural disaster? a. Los Angeles, CA b. Atlanta, GA c. Denver, CO d. Stephenville, TX e. All areas of the United States are at risk for some kind of natural disaster 5. __________________ occur as a result of the process itself, such as water damage during a flood. a. Primary effects b. Secondary effects c. Tertiary effects d. Personal effects 6. A small (EF1) tornado touches down in Stephenville. The damage is limited to the area just north of Tarleton, no one is seriously injured, and the response is handled entirely by local resources. This is example of a(n) a. emergency b. disaster c. catastrophe d. extinction-level event 7. A large (EF4) tornado touches down in Weatherford. 14 people are killed and a State of Emergency is declared. This is an example of a(n) a. emergency

b. disaster c. catastrophe d. extinction-level event 8. Why do lightning strikes have a low potential for catastrophe? a. Lightning is very rare in general b. Lightning doesn't actually hurt people c. Lightning doesn't usually affect people and property on a large scale d. It is incredibly easy to protect people and property from lightning strikes 9. Tornadoes belong to which natural hazard subgroup? a. Geophysical b. Meteorological c. Hydrological d. Climatological e. Extraterrestrial 10. Avalanches belong to which natural hazard subgroup? a. Geophysical b. Meteorological c. Hydrological d. Climatological e. Extraterrestrial 11. _______________ refers to the way a hazard or disaster will affect human life and property. a. Risk b. Disaster c. Vulnerability d. Catastrophe 12. The 2010 earthquake in Haiti caused an extraordinarily high number of deaths for a magnitude 7 earthquake. Which factor did NOT play a role as to why there so many deaths? a. Poverty b. Weak building construction c. Shallow sloping coastline allowed huge tsunami to surge far inland d. High population density 13. Alfred Wegener proposed the_______________ a. Theory of Continental Drift b. Theory of Plate Tectonics c. Theory of Relativity d. Theory of Seafloor Spreading 14. The supercontinent in the Continental Drift theory was called ___________. a. Panthalassa b. Mesosaurus c. Pangaea d. Tethys e. Trumpland

23. Which of the following is TRUE about plate tectonics? a. Explains that continents drift around the globe, whereas the oceanic crust does not move over geologic time b. Explains that the earth's crust is split into plates that float on a completely molten mantle. c. It is a controversial idea that most geologists now think is incorrect. d. Explains that the earth's lithosphere is split into large pieces that move on top of a weak and hot layer called the asthenosphere. 24. As a result of seafloor spreading: a. new ocean crust is generated at ridges to accommodate the spreading plates b. continents attached to the plates on each side of the ridge slowly move apart c. a record of paleomagnetic reversals is recorded in rocks that formed at the ridge d. all of the above 25. Which of the following is true about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? a. It is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean b. It is a divergent boundary where tectonic plates move apart c. It is a place where new lithosphere is created d. It is a site of volcanoes e. All of the above are true about the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 26. The surface expression of a mantle plume is an area of volcanism called a ________ a. hot spot b. cold spot c. cinder cone d. bolide e. flame structure 27. Which of the following hazards would you expect to see at a transform plate boundary? a. moderate strength earthquakes; non-explosive volcanic eruptions; flooding if volcanoes erupt underwater such as in Iceland b. massive earthquakes; explosive volcanic eruptions; landslides and flooding due to long chain of volcanic mountains c. very large earthquakes; no volcanoes; landslides resulting from the large plateau of very high mountains d. small to large earthquakes; no volcanoes 28. Which of the following hazards would you expect to see at a divergent plate boundary? a. moderate strength earthquakes; non-explosive volcanic eruptions; flooding if volcanoes erupt underwater such as in Iceland b. massive earthquakes; explosive volcanic eruptions; landslides and flooding due to long chain of volcanic mountains c. very large earthquakes; no volcanoes; landslides resulting from the large plateau of very high mountains d. small to large earthquakes; no volcanoes 29. Which of the following hazards would you expect to see at a convergent plate boundary associated with a subduction zone? a. moderate strength earthquakes; non-explosive volcanic eruptions; flooding if volcanoes erupt underwater such as in Iceland b. massive earthquakes; explosive volcanic eruptions; landslides and flooding due to long chain of volcanic mountains c. very large earthquakes; no volcanoes; landslides resulting from the large plateau of very high mountains d. small to large earthquakes; no volcanoes

30. Why aren't volcanoes associated with continent-continent convergence? a. Both plates are too buoyant to subduct into the asthenosphere. b. The continental plate isn't hot enough to cause volcanoes. c. The melting point of continental crust is too high for the rocks to melt d. Rising magma from melted plates can't break through continental crust. 31. At an ocean-continent convergent margin, the (1) ________ plate always subducts beneath the (2) __________ plate because (3) ______________________. a. (1) overriding (2) underriding (3) it is less dense b. (1) continental (2) oceanic (3) it is thicker c. (1) oceanic (2) overriding (3) it is more easily deformed d. (1) oceanic (2) continental (3) it is denser 32. An island arc is a chain of volcanoes associated with (1) ______. An example is (2) _______. a. (1) ocean-continent convergent plate boundaries (2) the Cascades b. (1) ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries (2) the Andes c. (1) ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries (2) Japan d. (1) hotspots (2) the Himalayas 33. An example of where a new ocean basin (continental rift) is trying to form is: a. the East Africa Rift Valley (Afar Triangle) b. the mid-Atlantic ridge c. the Eastern Snake River Plain d. the Himalayas 34. The characteristic type of tectonic plate motion associated with a transform plate boundary is a. plates move laterally past each other with horizontal motion b. plates move directly towards each other and one plate sinks deep into the mantle c. plates move directly towards each other and one plate slides beneath the other d. plates move directly away from each other 35. Tectonic plates move about as fast as a. a car moves on a city street. b. fingernails grow. c. a swallow flies. d. a tortoise walks. 36. Which tectonic plate setting is associated with the following features: volcanic eruptions; magma rises from deep in the mantle; can produce a chain of extinct volcanoes with increasing distance from the active volcano? Yellowstone National Park and Hawaiian islands are geographic examples. a. divergent plate boundary b. convergent plate boundary c. transform plate boundary d. hotspot 37. If stress is not equal from all directions then the stress is a ______________________ stress a. confining b. differential c. defining d. equivalent

a. brittle b. ductile c. shearing d. sliding e. translational 42. Which type of fault is this? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Oblique-slip d. Strike slip 43. Which type of fault is this? a. left-lateral strike slip b. right lateral strike slip c. normal d. reverse e. blind 44. Which type of fault is this? a. Normal b. Reverse c. Thrust d. Strike slip 45. What is a blind fault? a. A fault that does not reach the surface b. A fault that is inactive c. A fault that is overly active

d. A fault that is creeping slowly e. A fault that is not moving 46. Shallow-focus earthquakes are found ________ a. only on Convergent Plate Boundaries b. only on Divergent Plate Boundaries c. only on Transform Fault Boundaries d. on all plate boundaries and within the plates 47. Deep-focus earthquakes are found ________________ a. only on Convergent Plate Boundaries (Subduction Zones) b. only on Divergent Plate Boundaries c. only on Transform Fault Boundaries d. on all plate boundaries and within the plates 48. What is the point of origin (i.e. location of rock slippage) of an earthquake? a. Epicenter b. Focus c. Foreshock d. Intensity 49. The _______________ is the point on the ground surface directly above the rupture. a. Epicenter b. Focus c. Foreshock d. Intensity 50. If you were SCUBA diving in a swimming pool, would you feel the S-waves from an earthquake a. Yes b. No 51. Which of the following statements is FALSE about P-waves? a. P-waves are the fastest of the waves. b. P-waves can move through solid, liquids, or gases. c. P-waves are a type of compressional wave that moves with a push/pull motion. d. P-waves cause the most damage in an earthquake. 52. Which seismic waves are the last to reach a seismograph station? a. P-waves b. S-waves c. Surface waves d. All seismic waves travel at the same speed and therefore reach any seismograph station at the same time 53. What type of seismic wave is illustrated below?

d. These are intraplate earthquakes caused by ancient failed rifts 59. ________________________ are the site of the largest earthquakes (megathrust earthquakes) a. Divergent plate boundaries b. Convergent plate boundaries (Subduction zones) c. Transform plate boundaries d. Hot spots 60. Which of the following is NOT an effect of earthquakes? a. Ground rupture b. Liquefaction c. Igneous Volcanoes d. Fires 61. Which of the following hazards from an earthquake can threaten areas that may not be close enough to feel shaking? a. Fires b. Elevation changes c. Tsunami d. Liquefaction 62. Which kind of material would be prone to liquefaction during an earthquake? a. Water-saturated sand b. Dry compacted clay c. Sedimentary rock with horizontal layering d. Volcanic rock that is very porous 63. Which of the following human activities is NOT known to cause earthquakes? a. Underground nuclear explosions b. Injecting liquid waste deep into the ground c. Building a water reservoir d. Excavating large amounts of materials to make new TSU dorms (‘cause TSU needs more dorms...) 64. Which of the following is NOT used to in the short-term prediction of earthquakes? a. Pattern and frequency of earthquakes b. Deformation of ground surface c. Seismic gaps along faults d. Geophysical and Geochemical changes e. Gravitational attraction between the Moon and the Earth 65. Which of the following is NOT a practical way for communities to deal with the earthquake hazard? a. retrofit old buildings b. enact building codes for new construction c. educate people on what to do during an earthquake d. ban living in an area where there are any earthquakes 66. Which of the following is the most realistic approach to minimizing earthquake hazards? a. Publicize any prediction and immediately evacuate cities near the earthquake zone b. Require any city near a plate boundary to be relocated c. Bolt together each side of a fault to prevent future earthquakes

d. Legislate strict building codes that require strong and flexible buildings 67. If you live in Los Angeles, which of the following should you do? a. have your home evaluated by a structural engineer b. secure large objects c. make a personal plan of how to react to a quake d. if you experience an earthquake, leave the building AFTER the shaking stops e. all of the above 68. In 2010, the largest earthquake (M 8.8) was in ______________, but the deadliest (>300,000 killed) was in _________________. a. Haiti…..Chile b. Nepal…..China c. Chile… Haiti d. China…Nepal e. India…..Pakistan 69. What is the purpose of the plywood (arrow) in the construction of this house? a. Bracing b. Infilling c. Framing d. Buttressing e. Isolation 70. This is TEST A, so answer “A” for question 70.