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California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo *
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201
Subject
Geology
Date
Feb 20, 2024
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docx
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Q: Continental lithosphere does not subduct; why not? A: Continental lithosphere is too lightweight
Q:What evidence supports continental drift? A: The similar characteristics of widely distributed dinosaur fossils, The fit of continents along their continental shelves, the distribution of glacial sediments
Q:Which of the following serpentine minerals can be present in the rock serpentinite? A: lizardite, antigorite, chrysotile
Q:Which of the following minerals has perfect cleavage in 1 direction? A: Mica
Q:What influences the hardness of a mineral? A: The types of bonds in the mineral structure, The distribution of bonds in the mineral structure
Q:Which of the following properties or attributes are used to define a mineral? A:A: Specific elemental composition, Naturally occurring and inorganic, a specific arrangement of atoms.
Q:What conditions of temperature and pressure do blueschist facies metamorphic rocks indicate? A: High pressure and low temperature
Q:At what type of plate boundary do blueschist metamorphic rocks form? A: Subduction zones
Q:Which mineral has the highest melting point? A: olivine
Q:Which mineral is the first to crystallize in a cooling magma chamber? A: olivine
Q:What causes partial melting at subduction zones? A: Dewatering of the downgoing slab
Q:What mechanism causes partial melting where a “slab window” exists? A: Decompression
Q:What produced the magma that now constitutes the “Morros” or “ 7 sisters” in the San Luis Obispo area? A: A “slab window”
Q: What is the difference between a dike and a sill? A: Dikes cut across rock layers, and sills parallel rock layers
Q:What is the most likely composition of the magma produced by partial melting of mafic rocks? A: intermediate
Q:Where does hot spot lava/magma originate? A: Below the asthenosphere
Q:What type of rock is likely to disintegrate by exfoliation or sheeting? A: granite
Q:Which of the following minerals is most resistant to chemical weathering? A: quartz
Q:Which of the following minerals is most susceptible to chemical weathering? A: Olivine
Q:Which of the following master horizons is likely to be most strongly leached? A: E horizon
Q:Which of the following master horizons is the parent material of a soil? A: C horizon
Q:Which of the following horizons is distinguished by the accumulation of clay from dust or chemical weathering? A: Bt horizon
Q:Which of the following horizons is distinguished by the accumulation of calcium CaCO3? A: Bk horizon
Q:What is the structure of smectite clays, in terms of how silica tetrahedrons are arranged? A: sheet
Q:Which of the following factors lead to formation of vertisol soils? A: Seasonal wet and dry climate, Parent material that is rich in smectite clays, or that weathers to smectite clays, Poorly drained soils Q:Which of the following horizons is distinguished by the accumulation of sequioxides? A: Bs horizon
Q:
A: Strike northeast, dip 37 degrees towards southeast
Q:
A: Anticline
Q:
A: Syncline
Q:
A: Angular unconformity
Q:
A: nonconformity
Q:
A: Disconformity
Q:
A: Normal
Q:
A: Reverse
Q:
A: Left Lateral strike slip fault
Q:
A: Right Lateral strike slip fault
Q:Where is the energy that is released during an earthquake stored?
A:In rocks as elastic strain
Q:What type(s) of strain cause(s) earthquakes?
A:Both a. (Brittle strain) and b. (Elastic strain).
Q:What caused large-scale subsidence in the Pacific Northwest at about 1700 AD?
A:Recovery of elastic strain
Q:When an earthquake occurs, which earthquake waves travel fastest and reach earthquake detection instruments first? A:P-waves
Q:Which of the following waves cannot pass through liquids?
A: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves cannot pass through liquids
Q:Which of the following waves cause the most destruction? A: Rayleigh waves
Q: Where do Wadati-Benioff Zones exist? A: Subduction zones
Q:Why do tsunami travel relatively fast (compared to wind waves)?A: Because tsunami have enormously large wavelengths
Q:Why are tsunamis so destructive? A:Because they reach the coastline as a set consisting of an unpredictable number of waves Because the travel about 518 mph in open ocean Because they consists of a relatively large amount of water traveling up 125 mph when they reach the coast
Q: How did scientists study earthquake waves and determine the source of the 1994 Kobe earthquake? A:Video Camera footage from convenience stores
Q: What is critical
stream power? A: The amount of stream power needed to transport all sediment delivered to a stream channel
Q:What is available stream power? A: The product of acceleration due to gravity, density of water, discharge, and slope.
Q:What is a 100 year flood? A:A flood that has a 1% chance of occurring in a given year
Q: What determines how much bedload a stream is able to transport? A: Available stream power
Q: How is stream power expended? A: Transportation of bedload and channel erosion
Q:What is an alluvial stream? A:A stream that flows in a channel formed entirely in alluvium
Q:What is the legal definition of a floodplain? A:
A low-relief surface adjacent to a stream channel that is below water during a 100-year flood
Q:What variation in the amount of available steam power relative to the amount of critical stream power results in the development of stream terraces? A:
Critical power exceeds available stream power, the available stream power exceeds critical stream power
Q:What is a graded stream? A: A stream that is neither depositing sediment nor eroding its bed over thousands to tens of thousands of years
Q:What causes soil creep? A: Expansion and contraction of soil
Q:How is sediment transport by flows different from sediment transport by streams? A: In sediment transport by streams, water entrains and mobilizes sediment, and in sediment transport by flows, sediment is
mobilized by gravity. Flows can transport larger clasts than streams
Q: How are debris flows different from earthflows? A: Debris flows move relatively quickly, and earthflows move relatively slowly, Debris flows follow preexisting drainage and earthflows do not follow preexisting drainage, Debris flows are initiated by shallow slope failures, and earthflows are deep seated slope failures
Q: Why are debris flows much more destructive than stream flow?A: Because because the density of debris flow is relatively large compared to the density of water. Q:Which of the following typically occurs during a debris flow? A:Sediment is entrained as the debris flow moves downslope, Water is entrained as the debris flow moves downslope, Vegetation is entrained as the debris flow moves downslope
Q:How are flows different from slides? A: Slides move as a coherent mass, and flows move like a fluid
Q:What is the most common mechanism that causes hillslopes to fail? A:Heavy rainfall
Q: What occurs when water destabilizes a hillslope and causes it to fail during a period of heavy rainfall?A:Positive pore fluid pressure in hillslope soil or sediment, Saturation of the sediment on the hillslope
Q: What two processes are necessary for marine terraces to form?A: Tectonic uplift and climatically-driven sea level fluctuation
Q:Why is it certain that marine terraces that exist on present-day coastlines indicate tectonic uplift? A: Because sea level is approximately as high as it has been for the last 1 to 1.5 million years
Q: Which of the following is the most significant factor that causes particle size to decrease downstream along a stream channel? A:The slope of the stream channel
Q: Which of the following rocks consists of clasts deposited farthest from the source area of the clasts in the rock? A:shale
Q: Which of the following rocks consists of clasts deposited closest to the source area of the clasts in the rock?A:breccia Q:What do “cross beds” represent? A: Ancient dunes Q: What causes precipitation of CaCO3 from seawater?A: Agitation caused by currents and/or braking waves, Warm water temperatures
Q: Which of the following is a plausible heat source causing contact metamorphism?A: A magma chamber
Q: What tectonic paleoenvironment do paired metamorphic belts represent?A: A subduction zone
Q: What type of metamorphism produces serpentinite?A: Hydrothermal metamorphism
Q:What characteristic distinguishes regional metamorphic rocks from contact metamorphic rocks? A: The presence foliation
Q: Which of the following rocks formed at the deepest level in an orogenic belt?A:gneiss
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