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Geology

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Feb 20, 2024

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Q1: Notice the large amount of both dust (red color) and biomass- burning aerosols (green color) over Africa and being transported to the west by winds. Which of these two types of aerosols are probably more dangerous to the health of people exposed to them? ●The biomass-burning aerosols are a threat to human health because they have the smallest particulates. Q2: What is the general movement of aerosols in the middle latitudes (e.g., 30° to 65°)? Does it tend to be east to west or west to east?You should refer to a map or Google Earth if you cannot determine where 30° to 65° latitude is in the video ●The general movement of aerosols in the middle latitudes is west to east. Q3: Besides sea salt, what appears to be the dominant aerosol in the middle latitudes (e.g., 30° to 65°) of the Northern Hemisphere?You should refer to a map or Google Earth if you cannot determine where 30° N to 65° N latitude is in the video. ●Sulfates from the burning coal Q4:What is the most likely source of the high concentrations of sulfate aerosols over and downwind of eastern China? ●Sulfates from the burning coal, because there are several factories in eastern China. The particulates produced in those factories created a high concentration of sulfate aerosols. Q5: What is the typical air flow thousands of feet above the surface in the middle latitudes and how does this affect the transport of pollutants? ●The westerly is the air flow thousands of feet above the surface. The flow allows rapid transport of pollution from west to east.

Q6: Why are we concerned about high ozone concentrations in the troposphere in this lab while in Lab 2 (Stratospheric Ozone) we were concerned about low concentrations of ozone in the stratosphere? ●Ozone is harmful to humans in the troposphere, however, Ozone in the stratosphere protects human health. Q7: You should have noticed that there was a large swath of high concentrations of ozone in the Northern Hemisphere from May to September; why would the highest concentration occur during those months? ●During this time, sunlight is perpendicular in the Northern hemisphere and there is a high rate of solar radiation caused by the high concentrations of ozone. Q8: Why do you think high ozone concentrations occasionally existed over the North Atlantic Ocean, despite the lack of large NOx and VOC emissions from the ocean? Hint: The answer is not increased solar radiation over the North Atlantic Ocean. ● Warm tropical Atlantic SSTs cause greater subsidence, less precipitation, and higher temperatures in the East. This results in an increase in ozone concentration. Q9: During what months did you observe a large swath of high ozone concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere? ●March-May Q10: How are the factors that contributed to high ozone concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere different than the factors that contributed to high ozone concentrations in the

Southern Hemisphere? Hint: Think about the sources of the precursor chemicals. ●Northern Hemisphere: NOx, VOC ●Southern Hemisphere: Chlorine Q11: Why do you think the level of PM 10 emissions changed so rapidly in the first part of the graph above (left portion) and less rapidly in the remainder of the graph (right portion)? ●The left portion because it is a bar that shows change over time effectively. Q12: What source had the largest decrease in PM10 emissions from 1970 to 2010?By the way, the decrease in PM 10 emissions most likely caused a rebound in summer rainfall in the Atlanta region . ●Industrial Processes Q13: What was the general trend from 1985 to 2014 in the size of the area with pH levels less than or equal to 4.5 (below which the environment is considered to be acidic)? ●NOx Emissions and NO2 concentrations are decreased. Q14: Across that entire time range, in what part of the country are the pH values the lowest (i.e., the most acidic precipitation)? In what part of the country are the pH values the highest (i.e., the least acidic precipitation)? ● Lowest Ph Value: Battery Acid ● Highest Ph Value: Sodium Hydroxid

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