Geo Lab 5 Volcanoes
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GEO 109 Earth, Environment and Society Lab
SCI 210L – The Dynamic Earth Lab
Lab Exercise: Volcanoes and Their Hazards Introduction
This week we will investigate the nature and
behavior of volcanoes: where they occur and
why, how violently they erupt, the associated
hazard, and what human beings can do to
minimize the risks. In doing so we will draw on
the knowledge and skills developed in the
previous labs—especially minerals, igneous
rocks, and plate tectonics. We will use Google Earth Pro to explore four
different volcanic settings in the United States
representing different tectonic settings,
compositions of magma, eruptive processes
and social environments from urban to rural. Be sure to prepare for this lab by reviewing the materials in the lab manual under “Volcanoes and their Hazards,” especially if you have not yet covered Volcanism and associated hazards in a lecture course. Step 1 – Download the Volcanoes Lab kmz files attached to this lab in Isidore and open them in Google Earth. You might
to delete any older kmz files in My Places so they do not display over information for this lab. Also - Toggle on only the Layers you need for each step. Step 2
-- You and your teammates should describe and forecast hazards at each of the four Volcanoes listed on the following pages and complete the associated tables.
Tips:
Fly to Locations by clicking the volcano icons in the tool bar “My Places” and zoom in/out as necessary
You will likely want to refer to the layers you downloaded for the Plate Tectonics Lab last week—
especially the Tectonic Plates layer and the Volcanoes Layer
Other Layers – turn off/on as necessary – may cover other information
GOOGLE EARTH LAYERS: use Borders/Labels as needed to describe locations’ Leave Terrain on always to 3D info is displayed.
Lab 6| 1
NAME: Lizzie Taft Table # 5
Figure 1. Mt. St. Helens after the climactic 1980 Eruption and Mega-Landslide
Location A – Mt. Rainier, Washington
1.
What plate boundary type is located closest to this volcano? Possible Choices: Divergent Transform Hot Spot
Convergent – Subduction Zone
Convergent – Continental Collision
Divergent boundary 2. Insert topographic profile along Rainier Section Line below:
2. Topographic Relief of the Volcano ?
The Relief is given by the height at the top of the volcano minus the elevation at the base
a.
Relief (high point minus low point)? 10,040 b.
Half-width at base? 9.58 miles
c.
Ratio of height (relief) to half-width? Tenthosudna to the 9.5
3. Referring to your cross-section above, are the flanks of the volcano concave upward, convex upward, or relatively uniform in slope? Concave upward 4.
What kind of volcano is Mt. Rainier? (I.E., Shield Volcano, Stratovolcano, cinder cone, or caldera?)
Stratovolcano
5. Referring to the geologic map, what is the primary compositional category of the rock that has been erupted
from this volcano in the past? (Basalt, Andesite or Rhyolite? Refer to the geologic map and the information provided by the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program)
Andesite and dacite 6. What types of eruptive deposits has this volcano produced in the past-- i.e., ignimbrite/pyroclastic flow tuff, mudflows or lahars, air fall tuffs, and/or lavas (pahoehoe or aa?)
Pyroclastic flow and lahars 2
7. What type of volcanic deposit associated with this volcano poses the greatest risk to human beings? (Explain).
Lahars because it would flow where there are densely populated people and infrastructure 8. Briefly summarize the past eruptive history of the volcano? How frequent and how long-lasting have previous eruptions been? When was the last major eruption? The most recent eruption was 1,00 years ago. Erupets irregularly and is becoming more effusive recently 9. Approximately, how far away from the vent of the volcano have the various deposits been found? Are there
any cities or towns or other human developments within reach of the volcanic deposits? What kind of volcanic phenomena likely pose the greatest risk to (a) human life,
and (b) property? Lahars because it would flow where there are densely populated people and infrastructure. About 50 miles 10. Finally, in discussion with your team mates formulate and summarize a preliminary hazard response plan including the following elements:
a. How will your team communicate the risks of the volcano to the public? (And which communities are at greatest risk and need to be prepared for an eruption?)
b. How will the volcano be monitored and by whom?
c. In the event of increased activity at the volcano, how will you communicate the elevated risk of an eruption to the public?
d. Would you consider ordering mandatory evacuation orders when an eruption appears imminent? What are the potential risks associated with ordering an evacuation
that turns out to be unnecessary? Conversely, what would be the risks of not ordering an evacuation quickly enough?
A). Alert services like tornado warnings. New channels and or on the phone alert. B). Geologists can monitor the volcano for changes in activity. C). Alert service.
D). Yes, mandatory evacuation. A safe distance away that would not cause harm and in a safe, protected shelter. Potential risks is not evacuating far enough away and in a timely manner. Not ordering an evacuation would obviously cause multiple deaths and injury. Lab 6| 3
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Location B – Mauna Kea, Hawaii
1.
What plate boundary type is located closest to this volcano? Possible Choices: Divergent Transform Oceanic or Continental Hot Spot
Convergent – Subduction Zone
Hot spot 2. Insert topographic profile along Mauna Kea Section Line below:
2. Topographic Relief of the Volcano ?
The Relief is given by the height at the top of the volcano minus the elevation at the base
a.
Relief? (high point minus low point) 7,539
b.
Half-width at base? 18.6
c.
Ratio of height (relief) to half-width? 7,539 : 18.6
3. Referring to your cross-section above, are the flanks of the volcano concave upward, convex upward, or relatively uniform in slope? Convex upwards
4.
What kind of volcano is Mauna Kea? (I.E., Shield Volcano, Stratovolcano, cinder cone, or caldera?)
Shield volcano
5. Referring to the geologic map, what is the primary compositional category of the rock that has been erupted
from this volcano in the past? (Basalt, Andesite or Rhyolite? Refer to the geologic map and the information provided by the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program)
Basalt is the primary deposit
6. What types of eruptive deposits has this volcano produced in the past-- i.e., ignimbrite/pyroclastic flow tuff, mudflows or lahars, air fall tuffs, and/or lavas (pahoehoe or aa?)
Lava flow and glaciers 7. What type of volcanic deposit associated with this Lava flow is a greater risk because it destroys 4
volcano poses the greatest risk to human beings? (Explain).
infrastructure.
8. Briefly summarize the past eruptive history of the volcano? How frequent and how long-lasting have previous eruptions been? How long ago was the last major eruption?
The long dormant period between eruptions compared to
other Hawaii volcanoes. Last eruption was 45 hundred years ago. 9. Approximately, how far away from the vent of the volcano have the various deposits been found? Are there
any cities or towns or other human developments within reach of the volcanic deposits? What kind of volcanic phenomena likely pose the greatest risk to (a) human life,
and (b) property? The flow has historically gone 9 to 15 miles.
10. Finally, in discussion with your team mates formulate and summarize a preliminary hazard response plan including the following elements:
a. How will your team communicate the risks of the volcano to the public? (And which communities are at greatest risk and need to be prepared for an eruption?) b. How will the volcano be monitored and by whom?
c. In the event of increased activity at the volcano, how will you communicate the elevated risk of an eruption to the public?
d. Would you consider ordering mandatory evacuation orders when an eruption appears imminent? What are the potential risks associated with ordering an evacuation
that turns out to be unnecessary? Conversely, what would be the risks of not ordering an evacuation quickly enough?
A). Alert services like tornado warnings. New channels and or on the phone alert. B). Geologists can monitor the volcano for changes in activity. C). Alert service, routes to get out quickly and safely
D). Yes, mandatory evacuation. A safe distance away that would not cause harm and in a safe, protected shelter. Potential risks is not evacuating far enough away and in a timely manner. Not ordering an evacuation would obviously cause multiple deaths and injury. Lab 6| 5
Location C – Yellowstone
1.
What plate boundary type is located closest to this volcano? Possible Choices: Divergent Transform Continental or Oceanic Hot Spot
Convergent – Subduction Zone
Continental hot spot
2.
What kind of volcano is Yellowstone? (I.E., Shield Volcano, Stratovolcano, cinder cone, or caldera?)
Caldera and Super volcano 3. Being a Continental ring caldera, Yellowstone is different from the other volcanoes and it is not particularly meaningful to show a cross-section. Instead display the 2004 -2006 INSAR map and the outline of the modern caldera. Beneath the map, briefly explain what the INSAR data is and what it shows.
4. Topographic form of the Volcano?
The Relief is given by the height at the top of the volcano minus the elevation at the base
a.
Length of the caldera (in km)?----80km
b.
Width of the Caldera (km)? -----65km
c.
Area of the Caldera (km
2
)? ------5200km
5. From 2004 to 2006 a variety of data indicate that Yellowstone was undergoing a doming phase that has been interpreted as a pulse of magma being delivered to the shallow magma chamber. To facilitate estimating how
much magma may have been delivered, I outlined each blue-purple fringe representing increments of 2.8 cm of differential uplift between 2004 and 2006. Use these layers to calculate the total volume of uplift across Yellowstone. For comparison, note that the 1980 climactic eruption of Mt. St. Helens is estimated to have erupted approximately 1 km
3
of volcanic ash.
Area uplifted >2.8 cm: Area uplifted > 5.6 cm:
Area uplifted > 8.4 cm:
Area uplifted > 11.2 cm: Area uplifted > 14.0 cm:
Area uplifted > 16.8 cm: _
Total volume of uplift: 58.8 x 0.00028 = 0.016464
6. Referring to the geologic map and the information Rhyolite 6
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provided by the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, what is the primary compositional category of the rock that has been erupted from this volcano in the past? (Basalt, Andesite or Rhyolite?)
7. What types of eruptive deposits has this volcano produced in the past-- i.e., ignimbrite/pyroclastic flow tuff, mudflows or lahars, air fall tuffs, and/or lavas (pahoehoe or aa?)
Pyroclastic flow, ash tuffs, hydrothermal explosion, lava flow, geyser eruption
8. What type of volcanic deposits associated with this volcano poses the greatest risk to human beings? (Explain).
Ash tuffs because it can damage the air quality. 9. Briefly summarize the past eruptive history of the volcano? How frequent and how long-lasting have previous eruptions been?
In the past, Yellowstone has been known to have some serious eruptions and explosions. It has experienced lava flows and hydrothermal explosions which created effects of ashfall and volcanic gases. There have been no major eruptions in the past 70,000 years. It is monitored closely by scientists. 11. Approximately, how far away from the vent of the volcano have the various deposits been found? To the right, summarize the area underlain by recognizable Yellowstone ash deposits for each of the major eruptions in the last 2.1 m.y. 2.1 Ma Huckleberry Ridge Tuff: 15,500
1.3 Ma Mesa Falls Tuff: 671
0.64 Ma Lava Creek Tuff: 7,500
10. Finally, in discussion with your teammates formulate and summarize a preliminary hazard response plan including the following elements:
a. How will your team communicate the risks of the volcano to the public? (And which communities are at greatest risk and need to be prepared for an eruption?)
b. How will the volcano be monitored and by whom?
c. In the event of increased activity at the volcano, how will you communicate the elevated risk of an eruption to the public?
d. Would you consider ordering mandatory evacuation orders when an eruption appears imminent? How and to
where would you evacuate people? What are the potential risks associated with ordering an evacuation that turns out to be unnecessary? Conversely, what would be the risks of not ordering an evacuation quickly enough?
A). Alert services like tornado warnings. New channels and or on the phone alert. B). Geologists can monitor the volcano for changes in activity. C). Alert service.
D). Yes, mandatory evacuation. A safe distance away that would not cause harm and in a safe, protected shelter. Potential risks is not evacuating far enough away and in a timely manner. Not ordering an evacuation would obviously cause multiple deaths and injury. Lab 6| 7
Location D – Craters of the Moon, Idaho
1.
What plate boundary type is located closest to this volcano? Possible Choices: Divergent Transform Oceanic or Continental Hot Spot
Convergent – Subduction Zone
Divergent 2. Insert topographic profile along Big Cinder Butte Section Line below:
2. Topographic form of the Big Cinder Butte?
The Relief is given by the height at the top of the volcano minus the elevation at the base
a. Relief (high point minus low point)? 674
b.
Half-width at base? 1.02 miles
c.
Ratio of height (relief) to half-width? 674 : 1.02
4.
What kind of volcano is Big Cinder Butte? (I.E., Shield Volcano, Stratovolcano, cinder cone, or caldera?)
Cinder Cone
Insert topographic profile along Laidlaw Butte Section Line below:
5. Topographic Form of the Laidlaw ?
The Relief is given by the height at the top of the volcano minus the elevation at the base
a.
Relief? (high point minus low point) ~2450 m
b.
Half-width at base? 15 km
c.
Ratio of height (relief) to half-width? 0.39
6. What kind of volcano is Laidlaw Butte?
Shield
5. Referring to the geologic map, what is the primary compositional category of the rock that has been erupted from this volcano in the past? (Basalt, Andesite or Rhyolite?
Refer to the geologic map and the information provided by the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Program)
Basalt -- 6. What types of eruptive deposits has this volcano produced in the past-- i.e., ignimbrite/pyroclastic flow tuff, mudflows or lahars, air fall tuffs, and/or lavas (pahoehoe or aa?)
Lava Flows
7. What type of volcanic deposit associated with this volcano poses the greatest risk to human beings? (Explain).
Lava flows
8. Briefly summarize the past eruptive history of the 2,00 years ago and lasted for multiple weeks
8
volcano? How frequent and how long-lasting have previous eruptions been?
9. Approximately, how far away from the vent of the volcano have the various deposits been found? Are there any cities or towns or other human developments within reach of the volcanic deposits? What kind of volcanic phenomena likely pose the greatest risk to (a) human life, and (b) property? Found as far away as 60 miles and can affect humans and infrastructure 10. Finally, in discussion with your team mates formulate and summarize a preliminary hazard response plan including the following elements:
a. How will your team communicate the risks of the volcano to the public? (And which communities are at greatest risk and need to be prepared for an eruption?) b. How will the volcano be monitored and by whom?
c. In the event of increased activity at the volcano, how will you communicate the elevated risk of an eruption to the public? d. Would you consider ordering mandatory evacuation orders when an eruption appears imminent? What are the potential risks associated with ordering an evacuation that turns out to be unnecessary? Conversely, what would be the risks of not ordering an evacuation quickly enough?
A). Alert services like tornado warnings. New channels and or on the phone alert. B). Geologists can monitor the volcano for changes in activity. C). Alert service.
D). Yes, mandatory evacuation. A safe distance away that would not cause harm and in a safe, protected shelter. Potential risks is not evacuating far enough away and in a timely manner. Not ordering an evacuation would obviously cause multiple deaths and injury. Lab 6| 9
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