Lab 2 Assignment CORRECT ONE

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab Name: ____Jack (John) Davis_________ I. Why Does Earth Have Layers? 1. What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers? It is due to the different levels of density 2. What is the outermost layer of the Earth called? Crust 3. The chemical name for the middle layer is the ___mantle____, while the innermost layer is called the __core_______. 4. What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)? The importance of it is that it is keeping the inner core stable and secure

II. The Rock Cycle 1. Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given. 2. If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 3. If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 4. If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Burial and Lithification Heat and Pressure Uplift Weathering and Erosion Deposition Melting Heat and Pressure Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic Rocks Igneous Rocks Cooling Uplift Magma Sediments

5. Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. All of the above 6. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 7. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic

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III. The Geologic Time Scale Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of the tour on page 10. Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html 1. Older rock layers are found at the ___bottom_____ of the sequence, while younger rock layers are found at the _top_______ of the sequence. 2. How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called? 65 million years ago. ammonites 3. Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? When did it first occur on earth? Brachiopods. They occurred around 400 million years ago 4. If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the middle rock layer? A. 284 mya B. 310 mya C. 296 mya D. 260 mya 5. What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time Scale? Animals and plants 6. What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish each of them?1 1.Pre archaen which is no evidence of life during this time 2.Archaen which is when celled organisms started to evolve meaning bacteria 3.Proterozoic which is the time before animal life 4.Phanerozoic which is the period when life was complex and abundant 7. What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each of them? 1.Cenozoic which had mammals plants and fish which all became more abundant during this period 2.Mesozoic which had dinosaurs cycads and ferns which were all more abundant as well 3.Palezoic which was ancient life but now extinct and is what the animals we have now come from

8. What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? What is an example of these first land organisms? Silurian and the example would be spiders 9. Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth? mesozoic 10. In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most interesting. The Jurassic era for obvious reasons. It was the start of the reptile era and had some of the coolest and largest species to ever live on this earth. 11. Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in earth’s history occurred. Tertiary period IV. Relative Dating Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating. 1. A fault has shifted some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite? Fault 2. Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite? Blue rock 3. Describe the youngest rock layer. Right above the long straight blue dotted dashes

4. A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface? It has went through deformation and has been caused by faulting 5. Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite? Granite

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V. Radiometric Dating Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on radiometric dating below. Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html? simulation=radioactive-dating-game 1. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. What element does Carbon-14 decay into? Nitrogen 2. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay into? Lead 3. Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life? 1. 75% nitrogen & 25% carbon and no it doesn’t change for uranium/lead 4. Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time? It decreases and will have a slow rate over time 5. Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope. Radioactive decay is the course of converting one isotope of an element into another isotope of another element. The half life would be the time it takes for half of the atoms in the sample to decay. 6. Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item. If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where the specific dating method cannot be used. Carbon-14 Uranium-238 Wooden Cup 1026 years N/A Bone 1483 years N/A Fish Bones 16302 years N/A Rock 1 N/A 133.94 MY Rock 3 N/A 443.35 MY Rock 5 N/A 1.25 BY

7. The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date this fossil? How old is the trilobite? 1. The half life that would be needed would be 100 million years 2. 308.94 million years old

Lab 2 Assignment CORRECT ONE

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