GEG2301 Lab1 Google Earth

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Dec 6, 2023

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Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics GEG2301: Geomorphology Lab 1: Introduction to Google Earth Due date: September 22 nd at 16:00 on Brightspace Weight: 5% The purpose of this lab is to introduce you to Google Earth, get you looking at various landscapes across the planet, and connect what we have seen so far in lectures to imagery available on Google Earth. You are encouraged to do some searching for answers in lectures, readings and on the internet. If you do use external sources, please cite them by denoting where you got the information from. Ideally these sources are peer reviewed. Citing them in parentheses is fine for this exercise, like this (Smith, 2020). Note : a) You must use the standalone version of Google Earth Pro (not one embedded within a web browser) b) Please answer all questions directly in this document and upload the assignment in PDF format. c) No late assignments will be accepted. A. Using and converting latitude and longitude 1. What city is located at 45°25’ N, 75°41’W? (1 point) The city located at these coordinates is Ottawa. 2. Convert the coordinates in question 1 into decimal degrees. (1 point) 45. 4167° N, -75.6833° W 3. What are the coordinates for Canberra, Australia in decimal degrees (1 point)? Use an appropriate number of decimals (1 point). The coordinates for Canberra Australia are -35.280937° S latitude, 149.130009° E longitude. 4. How many degrees of longitude are there between Santiago, Chile and Moscow, Russia? (1 point) There are approximately 108.27° of longitude between Santiago Chile and Moscow Russia 5. How many degrees of latitude are there between Santiago, Chile and Moscow, Russia? (1 point)

There are approximately 89.20° of latitude between Santiago, Chile and Moscow Russia B. Measurements 1. What is the distance on Earth’s surface (in km) between Santiago, Chile and Moscow Russia? (1 point) The distance in km between Santiago, Chile and Moscow Russia is 14, 117 km (rounded to the nearest kilometer). 2. Describe the orientation of the line from Santiago to Moscow. Which direction is the line going? (1 point) Does the compass bearing along the course of the line change? If so, how? (1 point) From Santiago to Moscow the line is going from southwest to northwest. The compass bearing along the course of the line changes because of the curvature of the earth. 3. What is the distance (in km) between Ottawa and Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia? (1 point) 9, 664 km (rounded to the nearest kilometer) 4. Describe the orientation of the line from Ottawa to Ulaanbaatar. Which direction is the line going? (1 point) Does the compass bearing along the course of the line change? If so, how? (1 point) From Ottawa to Ulaanbaatar the orientation of the line goes North to South through the north pole. Therefore, the compass bearing changes along the course of the line because the earth has a curve. 5. If you took a flight from Ottawa, Ontario to Reykjavik, Iceland then to Anchorage, Alaska, how many kilometers would you have flown? (1 point) From Ottawa to Iceland, it is 3,871 km and to Iceland to Alaska it is 5,439 km. Therefore, the total amount kilometers flown is 9,310. 6. What is the area of the lake (in km 2 ) located at 56.721°N, 96.416°W? (1 point) This is Bissett Lake. The area of the lake is 16.9 km 2. C. Geomorphology on Google Earth 1. The Grand Canyon is located at approximately 36°N, 112°W. a. What type(s) of rock do you expect to find here (sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic)? (1 point)

The rocks you would expect to find at the Grand Canyon would be sedimentary. b. What features make you think this? (2 points) Feel free to include a picture/screen grab in your answer. Google Earth pro strongly displays the layered strata (the horizontal/incline bands of different colours along the Grand Canyon) highlighting the sedimentary rocks. Source: (Google Earth Pro, 2023) 2. Tectonics 1 a. What feature is located at 56.663°N, 161.344°E? (2 points) The feature located at these coordinates is the Shiveluch volcanoes in Russia. b. What type(s) of rocks do you expect to find here? (1 point) The rocks you would expect to find here would be igneous (comprised of Basalt, volcanic Breccia, and Andesite, and more) c. Why is the area surrounding this feature brown and then green? (2 points) The green area surrounding this feature represents vegetation (meaning there is potential forest, grasslands, or any type of plant covering), and the brown represents an area that was minimal to zero vegetation. Which perfectly explains the volcano. d. What type of plate boundary is near this feature? (2 points) This plate boundary is near a convergent plate boundary. Where two involved plates are moving towards each other. e. What plates are involved? (2 points) The two plates involved in this feature would be North American plate and pacific plate (CEA, 2020).

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3. Tectonics 2 a. What type of plate boundary is Iceland on? (1 point) A divergent plate boundary is where Iceland sits. b. What plates are involved? (1 point) The plates involved are north American plate and the Eurasian plate (CEA, 2020) c. What type(s) of rock is Iceland made of (sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic)? (1 point) Iceland is made up of igneous with minimal sedimentary only comprising of 10 % of the island. d. Name two pieces of geomorphic evidence to support your claim. (2 points) - One piece of evidence would be the volcanic activity and the prevalence of igneous rocks. - Secondly, the mid-Atlantic ridge. With the North American plate and Eurasian plate pulling apart it separates the two plates causing the magma to rise filing the gap in the surface (CEA, 2020) 4. Lakes Malawi and Tanganyika are in Africa. a. What plate(s) are involved? (1 point) The plates involved is the African plate (CEA, 2020) b. What type of plate boundary are these lakes on? (1 point) This plate boundary is on divergent (riff zones). c. How is this boundary similar to Iceland? (2 points) Because they are both located ion divergent boundaries d. How does this boundary differ from Iceland? (3 points) - This boundary differs from Iceland because they have two different geographical settings. The African boundary spans from Ethiopia to Mozambique, including East African countries, while the Iceland boundary is its on entity in the North Atlantic Ocean. - In Africa the plates involved is the African while Iceland consists of the North American and Eurasian Plate. The African boundary is a continental rift whereas, Iceland is between two oceanic plates that represents the spreading of the ocean floor (CEA, 2020). e. What will these lakes look like in 50 million years? (2 points) Most likely in 50 years, these lakes will evolve into a narrow sea or even an ocean if the rifting continues at its current rate. The divergent boundary could be capable of splitting the African continent into smaller landmasses.

5. Mt. Everest tectonics a. What are the coordinates (in three dimensions) of Mt. Everest in decimal degrees, including elevation? (1 point) The coordinates of Mt. Everest is 27.9886° N, 86.9253° E, and the elevation is 8752 m. b. What mountain range is Mt. Everest part of? (1 point) Mt. Everest is part of the Himalayan Mountain range. c. What type of plate boundary is this mountain range? (2 points) The plate boundary at Mount Everest Mountain range is a Convergent boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates (CEA, 2020). d. What type(s) of rocks are found here (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)? (2 points) The rocks found in mountain Everest is igneous (granite) and sedimentary (such as limestone, shale, marble). e. In 100 years will Mt. Everest be higher or shorter? Explain. (2 points) Due to the colliding of the plate tectonics, mountain Everest to be higher. As the Indian plate slides under the Eurasian plate, it will lift the Himalayas causing it to further skyward CEA, 2020). 6. Hawaii, like Iceland, is in the middle of the ocean, but it is geomorphologically distinct in several ways. In what ways are these islands different, and why are they different? (5 points) (Hint: discuss why Hawaii is a chain of islands, but Iceland is only one, what is the tectonic setting of each location, what do these islands have in common, where you would expect to find younger and older rocks on these islands) - Hawaii is a set of volcanic islands caused by crust leakage from plates moving over from a hot spot (Britannica, 2023) unlike Iceland which is from the separation of crust that causes the growth of the island. - Hawaii is many islands whereas Iceland is only one that is slowly expanding. Hawaii is limited in surface area and cannot expand any more. - From a financial standpoint traveling to these spaces cost a significant amount of money but are one of the biggest tourist attractions in the world - The new rocks in Iceland are along the line of the mid Atlantic ridge that carries through the middle (Patowary, 2020) unlike Hawaii which is in the hotspot island. 7. The Andes and Himalayas are similar and different. Explain these similarities/differences: a. The Himalayas are surrounded by land, but the Andes are coastal. (2 points)

The Himalayas are located in South Asia not near a coast, which is unlikely due to most plate boundaries being on a coast. The Andes are coastal that runs along the western edge of South America. b. There are volcanoes in the Andes, but not in the Himalayas. (2 points) Volcanoes occur when there is a vent between the crust and mantle, simply that the Himalayas do not have an open vent to the surface, and the Andes do. The formation of Himalayas is due to tectonic collisions between the two plates. While the Andes have numerous active volcanoes. c. Both mountain chains have glaciers on their peaks (2 points) The Himalayas and Andes both have glaciers on their peaks. The Himalayas relying on glaciers as their main source of freshwater. Glaciers in the Andes are a major water supply for rivers and local communities. d. The headwaters of the biggest rivers in the world are in these mountains. Why? Name at least one prominent river originating in each mountain range. (3 points) The headwaters biggest rivers formed due to mountains forming. A mountain is a large formation, with gravity and water there is a high chance of mountain ranges having rivers from all surface run offs as well as other sources from the valleys between the mountains where there is open access to hold them. The Himalayas has the Brahmaputra River, and the Andes has the Amazon River. e. Where do people live in each of these mountain ranges? (2 points) - People who live in Andes are living at varying elevations, A city is called Lima, Peru. - People located In the Himalayas live in the valleys and foothills. One place in particular is Kathmandu in Nepal. f. This landform surrounds parts of each of these mountain ranges because the mountains block moisture from getting here. Provide the names of one of these features in both regions. (2 points) - In the Andes, one of the features is called the Atacama Dessert. - In the Himalayas, it is called the Tibetan Plateau. 8. Find a part of the world that interests you. Describe the plate boundaries, rock types of present, and any other unique geomorphic features. Include the coordinates for your area in degrees, minutes, seconds. (8 points) A part of the world that interests me would be Fiji. - Fiji is a convergent boundary between two plates which is the Australian and pacific tectonic plate (CEA, 2020) - Mainly Fiji is comprised of igneous rocks (extrusive and intrusive) there is also sedimentary rocks (such as limestone, and sandstone) - The coordinates of Fiji 17°43’62” S and 178°03’56.7 E. The elevation is 746m. - Fiji’s vegetation consists primarily of forest ecosystems.

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- Fiji is comprised of volcanic mountains that are inactive. - The largest Mountain range in Fiji is Nakauvadra Range (NASA, 2020. Sheinberg, H. (2021, May 4). Beyond the beach in Fiji . Travel. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/beyond-the-beach-in-fiji D. BONUS (Hint: north is up on all bonus maps)

1. BONUS: What country is this? (2 points) This country is West Australia 2. BONUS: What country is this? (2 points) This country is Japan.

3. BONUS: What country is this? (2 points) This country is Somalia in the horn of Africa. References: Britannica, E. (2023, September 18). Hawaii . Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Hawaii-state CEA. (2020, August 30). CEA - understanding plate tectonic theory . Plate Tectonic Theory - Tectonic Plates Map, Movement & Boundaries | CEA. https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/Blog/2020/Understanding-Plate-Tectonic- Theory#:~:text=There%20are%20seven%20major%20plates,plate%20at %2039%2C768%2C522%20square%20miles. NASA. (2020, February 21). Shaded relief, color as height, Fiji . NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia02732-shaded-relief-color-as-height- fiji#:~:text=The%20Nakauvadra,%20the%20rugged %20mountain,1324%20meters%20(4341%20feet). Patowary, K. (2020, August 3). The Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland . Amusing Planet. https://www.amusingplanet.com/2014/09/the-mid-atlantic-ridge-in-iceland.html Sheinberg, H. (2021, May 4). Beyond the beach in Fiji . Travel. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/beyond-the-beach-in-fiji

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GEG2301 Lab1 Google Earth

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