Lab 2 Assignment (1)

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Georgia State University *

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Geography

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Dec 6, 2023

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Lab 2: The Dynamic Planet GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab Name: I. Why Does Earth Have Layers? 1. What causes Earth’s structure to separate into layers? density 2. What is the outermost layer of the Earth called? crust 3. The chemical name for the middle layer is the mantle, while the innermost layer is called the core. 4. What is the importance of the element, iron (Fe)? The iron is the heaviest element outside of the supernova, and worked its way to the core.

II. The Rock Cycle 1. Fill out the diagram below of the rock cycle using the video and definitions given. Drag each term or phrase to its appropriate position in the cycle. Not only should each box on the diagram be filled in, but each arrow should have a label as well. Some are already given. 2. If a rock looks “squished” and displays bands or layers, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 3. If a rock has vesicles formed from gas bubbles escaping, what kind of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 4. If a rock looks like it is made up of a bunch of smaller rocks and grains, what type of rock is this likely to be? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic Sediments Burial and Lithification Heat and Pressure Heat and Pressure Cooling Melting Uplif Uplif Weathering and Erosion Igneous Rocks Magma Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Deposition

5. Which type of rock is formed from the other two types of rocks? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic D. All of the above 6. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a beach or lake? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic 7. Which type of rock would you most likely find near a volcano? A. Igneous B. Sedimentary C. Metamorphic

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III. The Geologic Time Scale Visit the link below and complete pages 6 through 9 in the interactive online tour. Answer the questions below that go along with the activity. You do not need to answer the questions at the end of the tour on page 10. Link: https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/education/explorations/tours/geotime/gtpage6.html 1. Older rock layers are found at the bottom of the sequence, while younger rock layers are found at the top of the sequence. 2. How old is the youngest buried fossil on page 7 and what is it called? 65 million years old 3. Which fossil captures an organism that is still found on earth today? When did it first occur on earth? It is between 468 and 470 million years old. 4. If you are trying to determine the age of a rock layer that is sandwiched between two ash layers of known age (top layer is 285 mya and bottom is 300 mya), which is an appropriate age for the middle rock layer? A. 284 mya B. 310 mya C. 296 mya D. 260 mya 5. What is the primary distinguishing factor between each period of time on The Geologic Time Scale? Sequence and their chemistry 6. What are the four major divisions of The Geologic Time Scale and how would you distinguish each of them? Eons: Eons are the largest divisions of time on the Geologic Time Scale, representing the longest periods in Earth's history. Eras: Eras are the second-largest divisions of time on the Geologic Time Scale. Periods: Periods are the next level of division in the Geologic Time Scale, and each era is subdivided into several periods. Periods are typically distinguished by the types of fossils found in the rock layers, as well as significant geological events. For example, the Jurassic Period is known for its dinosaur fossils. Epochs: The smallest divisions of geological time are epochs. They are subdivisions of periods and are used to provide even finer detail when describing Earth's history. Epochs are ofen distinguished by specific changes in the fossil record or other geological evidence.

7. What are the three eras belonging to the Phanerozoic eon and how would you distinguish each of them? The Phanerozoic Eon is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The Paleozoic Era, from about 541 to 252 million years ago, saw the emergence of marine life, the colonization of land by early plants and animals, and ended with a mass extinction. The Mesozoic Era, spanning from 252 to 66 million years ago, is known as the "Age of Dinosaurs" with dinosaurs dominating terrestrial ecosystems, Pangaea breaking apart, and the early evolution of mammals and birds. The Cenozoic Era began about 66 million years ago and continues today, characterized as the "Age of Mammals" with the rise of mammals, including primates and humans, continued evolution of species, and climate fluctuations 8. What period and era did life on land first make its appearance? What is an example of these first land organisms? Life on land first made its appearance during the Silurian Period of the Paleozoic Era. The Silurian Period occurred approximately from about 443 to 419 million years ago. One example of the first land organisms from the Silurian Period is the Cooksonia. 9. Which period and era would you have seen saber-toothed tiger or a giant ground sloth? I would have seen saber-toothed tigers and giant ground sloths during the Cenozoic Era, specifically in the Pleistocene Epoch. 10. In your own words, describe and name a period in the Mesozoic era that you find most interesting. The Jurassic Period, within the Mesozoic Era, stands out as the "Age of Dinosaurs." It lasted from about 201 to 145 million years ago and was marked by the dominance of diverse and iconic dinosaurs like Brachiosaurus, Allosaurus, and early bird ancestors. This period was a time of significant geological shifs, including the breakup of Pangaea, leading to the formation of new continents. The Jurassic offers a captivating window into the world of dinosaurs and the transformative changes that shaped both Earth's landscape and its prehistoric inhabitants. 11. Describe and name the period and era in which the largest mass extinction in earth’s history occurred. The largest mass extinction in Earth's history, known as the Permian-Triassic Extinction or the Great Dying, occurred during the Permian Period within the Paleozoic Era, around 252 million years ago. This catastrophic event led to the loss of approximately 96% of all marine species and a significant number of terrestrial species. Its causes are still debated but likely involved volcanic eruptions, climate change, oceanic anoxia, and other environmental stressors IV. Relative Dating Use the diagram below to answer the questions on relative dating.

1. A fault has shifed some of the rock layers. Which is older, the fault or the granite? The fault is younger than the granite. 2. Which rock is older, the granite or the blue rock inside the granite? The granite is older than the blue rock inside it 3. Describe the youngest rock layer. the youngest rock layer, found at the top of a typical stratigraphic sequence, is typically more recent in origin compared to the underlying layers which is the case here. 4. A wavy line indicates something happened to the deformed rock layers at the bottom of the sequence. What do you think happened to cause this uneven, missing surface? The presence of a wavy line or an uneven, missing surface in rock layers at the bottom of a sequence signifies an unconformity. Unconformities represent periods of erosion and non- deposition, indicating that afer the lower rock layers were initially deposited, they were exposed to the Earth's surface, eroded, and subsequently covered by younger layers. This geological feature provides valuable insights into the history of the area, including past environmental changes, tectonic events, and erosion processes that have shaped the Earth's surface over time. 5. Which is younger, the deformed rock layers or the granite? The deformed rock layers are younger than the granite.

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V. Radiometric Dating Visit the link below, explore each tab of the Radioactive Dating Game, and answer the questions on radiometric dating below. Link: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html? simulation=radioactive-dating-game 1. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Carbon-14 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Carbon-14 atom. What element does Carbon-14 decay into? Half life of carbon-14 is 6000 years. Carbon-14 decay into nitrogen 14 2. Under the “Half Life” tab, add 10 Uranium-238 atoms to the screen. According to the graph above, estimate the half-life of a Uranium-238 atom. What element does Uranium-238 decay into? 5 billion years, Pb-206 3. Under the “Decay Rates” tab, what is the percentage of Nitrogen-14 and Carbon-14 at the second half-life? Do these percentages change for uranium/lead at the second half-life? Nitrogen is 80% and carbon 20% 4. Under the “Measurement” tab, select Uranium-238 and Rock, then erupt the volcano and drag the probe to the rock. As time goes on, does the percentage of uranium in the rock increase, or decrease? Does the rate of change in percentage seem to speed up or slow down over time? It decreases over time. Change in percentage speeds up over time. 5. Now that you have explored a bit, briefly describe the relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope. The relationship between radioactive decay and the half-life of an isotope is that the half-life is a measure of the rate at which a radioactive isotope decays. The half-life is the time it takes for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay into stable atoms or other products. 6. Under the “Dating Game” tab, choose either Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 as your probe type, and leave the probe set to “Objects”. Fill out the table below with the appropriate ages for each item. If the percentage of the isotope is 0%, then the age of the item is either too young or too old to use the chosen dating method and you must switch to the other. Write N/A in the boxes where the specific dating method cannot be used. Carbon-14 Uranium-238 Wooden Cup 1000 Bone 2111 Fish Bones 16022

Rock 1 n/a 164.88 MY Rock 3 427.88 MY Rock 5 427.68 MY 7. The trilobite fossil cannot be dated using the Carbon-14 or Uranium-238 methods. Switch the probe type to “Custom”. How long of a half-life would an isotope need to have in order to date this fossil? How old is the trilobite? Halflife : 100 myears 308.94 MY

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Lab 2 Assignment (1)

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