Lab 4 Assignment_Online (2)
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Lab 4: Tectonic Landforms & Crustal Deformation
GEOG 1113L – Introduction to Landforms Lab
Name: Mourad Belmatrik
I.
Crustal Deformation
1.
Deformation of the earth’s crust is caused by the shifting of tectonic plates located in the
earth's crust.
2.
Deformations produce a variety of geologic structures such as folds, faults, foliations,
and joints.
3.
Shear force
4.
Stress is defined as a force applied over an area. It can be uniform, where equal forces are
applied from all directions, or differential, where unequal forces are applied. Strain, on
the other hand, refers to the changes in the material due to stress. This change may occur
in the size, shape, or volume of the material.
5.
Elastic deformation is the first stage of deformation where, after a stress is released, the
material returns to its original form. It is reversible. Ductile deformation, on the other
hand, occurs when enough stress is applied to a material that the changes in its shape
become permanent.
II.
Mountains, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
1.
How is a mountain formed?
Mountains are formed due to the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. When plates converge or
move towards each other, they create intense pressure. This pressure can cause the plates to buckle in
different ways, leading to the formation of mountains over millions of years.
2.
Describe the three main types of mountains.
Fold Mountains: These are the most common type of mountain. They are formed when two plates
converge, causing the crust to push upwards, forming upwards folds (antinclines) and downwards folds
(synclines).
Fault Block Mountains: These are formed when two plates converge, but instead of folding, the crust
cracks along lines of weakness called fault lines. The crust then breaks into a block which is pushed
upwards.
Dome Mountains: These are formed as a result of molten rock from the mantle pushing its way up under
the Earth's crust without erupting onto the surface. The magma pushes up the overlaying layers of rock,
which then bulge upwards. Eventually, the magma cools and becomes hardened rock.
3.
What percentage of the world’s active volcanoes erupt each year? (Hint: You have to do some
math. Show your work.)
There are approximately 500 active volcanoes in the world, and on average, 25 of these erupt
each year. Percentage = (Number of erupting volcanoes / Total active volcanoes) x 100
Percentage = (25 / 500) x 100 = 5% So, 5% of the world's active volcanoes erupt each year.
4.
Aside from the fact that living near a volcano can be dangerous, what is one benefit it would
provide?
One benefit of living near a volcano is that the land around a volcano is rich in minerals, resulting in
fertile soils ideal for agriculture.
5.
Name and describe the point above the focus of an earthquake.
The point on the Earth's surface immediately above the focus of an earthquake is called the
"epicenter." It is at the epicenter that the earthquake is felt most strongly.
III.
Anticline:
In an anticline fold, the oldest rock layers are in the middle, and they get younger as you move
outwards from the center.
Oldest
Syncline:
the youngest rock layers are in the middle, and they get older as you move outwards from the
center.
Youngest
Basin:
A basin is similar to a syncline but on a larger scale. The youngest rock layers are in the middle of a
basin, and they get progressively older as you move outwards from the center.
Youngest
Dome:
A dome is similar to an anticline but on a larger scale. In a dome, the oldest rock layers are in the
middle, and they get progressively younger as you move outwards from the center.
Oldest
IV.
Model A:.
Fault Name: Thrust Fault (a type of reverse fault) Stress type: Compressional
Model B:
Fault Name: Strike-Slip Fault Stress type: Shear
Model C:
Fault Name: Normal Fault Stress type: Tensional
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