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Eric Macias Dr. Jacob Haqq-Misra PHY-103 Define a glacier (including the various sections) and how it is different from accumulated snowfall and sea ice. A glacier is any lager mass of perennial ice that originates on land by the recrystallization of snow or other forms of solid precipitation and that shows evidence of past or present flow. (Meier, 2020). Glaciers are slowly move down due to gravity but only moving a few centimeters a day ( Glacier , n.d.). There are many different types of glaciers from Ice sheets, Ice fields or ice caps alpine glaciers, valley glaciers, tidewater glaciers, and outlet glaciers (Andrew Carter, n.d.) There are two sections of a glacier the Accumulation zone (higher altitude region) is where the temperature is colder and snow collects and the Ablation zone (lower altitude region) is where the temperatures are warmer and glaciers start to melt ( How Glaciers Work , 2008). The difference from accumulation snowfall, sea ice. Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. Sea ice is form and melts due to the seasons of the Arctic and Antarctic (Scott & Hansen, 2016). Accumulation snowfall is snowfall and is compress into ice by enough snow accumulate to transform into ice each year snow is bury and compress into the previous layer this forces the snow to recrystallize ( Glaciers , n.d.). Detail how glaciers advance and retreat, using the concept of glacial balance, and relate these aspects to climate.

Glaciers will often advance and retreat over time this is due to the amount of snow that fall and if the lost of the glaciers is less from melting, calving or evaporation the glaciers will advance. If less snow and ice are added than are loss the glacier will retreat ( Glacier Power - How Do Glaciers Move? 2019) . Glacial balance is also called Mass balance this is the difference between the material that a glacier accumulates, and the amount lost due to Ablation zone. Gains more then it loses = Positive mass balance Loses more then it gains = negative mass balance ( Glacier Power - How Do Glaciers Move? 2019) . The climate is causing more glaciers to retreat as the average temperatures of the earth is increase and the more precipitation is falling as rain and not snow. · Discuss the various types of glaciers and the critical parts of a glacier. There are nine different types of glaciers on the earth. But glacier are spilt up into two groups Alpine glacier and ice sheet The largest type is the continental ice sheet these are glaciers that cover an area over 50,000km2 and often conceal mountains from plain sight. Then there are ice caps and ice fields, which cover an area less than 50,000km2 ( There Are 9 Types of Glaciers in the World: Discover All of Them , 2019) Outlet glaciers are glaciers that flow out of the ice sheet, icefield, or ice cap they are affected by the landscape, travelling through valley and exposed rock, and can become valley glaciers. A good example of this is the Lambert Glacier in Antarctica.

The second group is the Alpine glaciers, The first one for this list is Valley Glaciers is when outlet glaciers move away from ice sheets or in mountain ranges. These glaciers can cause mass eroding and can result in u-shaped valleys. Next, you have the hanging valley glaciers which are glaciers that are high in the mountains that feed into a valley glacier. And lastly there is Cirque Glacier. Cirque Glaciers are in mountain ranges in the area it dips and creases. When this happens, it allows snow to collect and compact. The other types of glaciers are Tidewater, Piedmont, and Rock glaciers. Tidewater glaciers are made when the flow they flow out into the ocean. Piedmont glacier is form when a glacier emerger out of a rocky channel onto a flat plain. Creating what is a gigantic frozen puddle. Rock glaciers are defined when it carries a particularly. large concentration of debris. Rock glaciers look like huge mudslide rather than a river of ice ( There Are 9 Types of Glaciers in the World: Discover All of Them , 2019) . ( Basics--Glaciers , n.d.) Glaciers have two main sections: the accumulation area and the ablation area. The accumulation zone is where temperatures are cold and snow collects, adding mass to the glacier. The ablation zone is where temperatures are warmer, so some of the glacier melts. The ablation area could also be the point where the glacier meets the ocean. ( How Glaciers Work , 2008). Explain the common erosional features (striations, cirques, etc.) of glaciation

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Common erosional features, Glacial Striation is scaping of the sand grains and rock particles on the bedrock when the glacier moves leaves stains or striations in the form of gouges and scratches. A cirque, also known as a Corrie, is a valley created because of glacial erosion. The shape of the valley is like an amphitheater and looks like a large cup from above. Another is Cirque Stairway it is a series of Cirque arranged one above the other at different elevations. U-Shaped Valleys are transformed by widening the side and deepening the bottom of the valleys the small boulders that glaciers transport is fond deposited throughout the floor of the valley. Arete is a narrow Ridge between to valleys Glacial often erode two parallel; U-Shaped valleys or two cirques headwords resulting in a ridge in between them. ( What Is Glacial Erosion? Processes and Various Features of Glacial Erosion | Earth Eclipse , 2019) Review the common depositional features (moraines, eskers, etc.) of glaciation. ( Glacial Landforms: Erosional and Depositional , 2015) Depositional features are from when glaciers retreat and leave behind rocks and glacial till, leaving behind individual landforms.

First up are moraines, and there are four types: terminal, lateral, medial, and ground moraines. These are rocks and sediment that were carried along with the glacier than laid down. ( Depositional Features , n.d.) Kettles form when a block of stagnant ice (a serac) detaches from the glacier. Eventually, it becomes wholly or partially buried in sediment and slowly melts, leaving behind a pit. In many cases, water begins fills the depression and forms a pond or lake—a kettle. Kettles can be feet or miles long, but they are usually shallow. Drumlins are elongated hills of glacial deposits. They can be 1 km long and 500 meters wide, often occurring in groups. These would have been part of the debris that was carried along and then accumulated under the ancient glacier. ( Depositional Features , n.d.). These are just some common depositional features. Using images that you source, summarize the resultant landscapes of two glacially eroded and glacially deposited areas. (Wikipedia Contributors, 2019) Here in the picture the glacier has almost completely melted away. It has left behind a U-Shaped glacial valley and horns, which are the triangle peaks of the mountain.

Andrew Carter. (n.d.). Types of Glaciers (#4 Is Beautiful & Dangerous) . Naturetingz.com. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://naturetingz.com/types-of-glaciers/#:~:text=There%20are %20two%20main%20types%20of%20glaciers%3A%201 Meier, M. (2020). Glacier | Britannica. In Encyclopedia Britannica . https://www.britannica.com/science/glacier How Glaciers Work . (2008, February 8). HowStuffWorks. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/geophysics/glacier2.htm#:~:text=Glacier s%20have%20two%20main%20sections%3A%20the%20accumulation%20area Glacier . (n.d.). Education.nationalgeographic.org. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/glacier/ Scott, M., & Hansen, K. (2016, September 16). Sea Ice . Nasa.gov; NASA Earth Observatory. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/SeaIce Glaciers . (n.d.). National Snow and Ice Data Center. https://nsidc.org/learn/parts- cryosphere/glaciers Glacier Power - How do Glaciers Move? (2019, May 15). ASF. https://asf.alaska.edu/information/glacier-power/glacier-power-how-do-glaciers-move/ There are 9 Types of Glaciers in the World: discover all of them . (2019, January 25). Patagonia and Other Adventure Travel Destinations. https://blogpatagonia.australis.com/types-of-glaciers/ Basics--Glaciers . (n.d.). Commons.wvc.edu. https://commons.wvc.edu/rdawes/g101ocl/basics/glaciers.html

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What is Glacial Erosion? Processes and Various Features of Glacial Erosion | Earth Eclipse . (2019, September 22). https://eartheclipse.com/science/geology/processes-features-glacial- erosion.html#:~:text=Various%20Features%20of%20Glacial%20Erosion%201%20Cirque%20A Depositional Features . (n.d.). Glaciation. https://glacialfeatures.weebly.com/depositional- features.html Wikipedia Contributors. (2019, October 14). U-shaped valley . Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-shaped_valley

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