Assignment 3
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Dec 6, 2023
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Hillary Wade
October 30, 2021
Assignment 3
1.
Of mass wasting types, choose one example of slide
and
one example of flow to address the role
of water, rock/sediment type, and climate for each.
Flows and slides are both mass wasting events. The difference between these types are that
flows are rapid occurring and generally mixed with water. This creates runouts at the base of a
slope. The rock/sediment type for a flow is either course material or fine material. If it is a debris
flow it is coarse if it is an earth flow it is fine.
Slides can either be translational or rotational. A rotational slide only deals with course and fine
grain soil, while a translational slide can also involve the bedrock. Rotational slides and
translational slides vary in speed. A rotational slide is often slow moving along a curved surface
and a translational slide is often fast moving where the top layer or slide material passes over the
bottom stable layer. The top layer collapses in places of weakness. Both of these types of slides
are created by water either in the form of heavy rain or melting snow. Although not all slides have
to be created by water. Some can be caused by catastrophic movement like an earthquake or a
bomb.
Landslides are easy to identify due to the depositing of material from the top of the slope
or steep hill to the bottom. Landslides are generally found in mountainous climates or steep hills.
Some examples would be the 1925 Gros Ventre in Wyoming, or in 1959 the Madison Canyon
Slide in Montana that was caused by an 7.5 earthquake.
2.
Explain how the hydrologic cycle works. Include evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff,
infiltration, percolation, and transpiration.
The water cycle is how water continues to circulate over and over again through our atmosphere.
Water will change forms between a solid, liquid, and a gas. The cycle includes evaporation,
transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. Evaporation is how water changes from
liquid to a gas. When the surface of water gets heated enough the water molecules turn into
vapor. Transpiration occurs when plants give off water vapor during photosynthesis. Evoporation
and transpiration combine to bring both water sources in to the atmosphere where they combine
and transfer back into a liquid. During this stage is when we see condensation. Condensation is
when the vapor accumulates into lager droplets that form clouds and eventually forms
precipitation. Precipitation is when the water molecules drop from the sky in forms of rain, snow,
hail, or sleet. Once the precipitation hits the earths surface again, it can either turn back into
vapor and begin the cycle again or it can flow into runoff back towards bodies of water like lakes,
streams, and oceans. Some of the water becomes groundwater by infiltrating the soil by filling the
pore spaces in rock and sediment. The water will percolate through the soil until it reaches the
groundwater. The ground water then will slowly move to the surface back into streams and
oceans.
3.
Describe the process of meandering streams, and explain how these processes affect floodplains
and natural levees.
Meandering streams have one channel that curves back and forth. Meandering streams create a
wide floodplain due to the erosion and extending meander loops. Water travels the fastest on the
outside of each loop causing the erosion of the outside bank to slowly widen. When there is
Hillary Wade
October 30, 2021
tectonic uplift, surface meandering streams slowly turn into deep canyon like structures. Some
examples of this would be the Colorado River or the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Meandering
streams and regular flooding can also widen the floodplain. This happens due to the erosion of
the adjacent uplands. The stream channels are normally restricted by a natural levee. The natural
levee is caused by the build up of flooding over many years. Natural levees help isolate the
excess water flow from flooding and the meandering stream. The levee then directs the flow from
the tributary channels and into the main channel. This is known as a yazoo stream. They flow
parallel to the main stream until there is an opening in the natural levee. Once an opening is
found it converges.
4.
Explain the processes of wave refraction, longshore currents, and longshore drift. Identify two
coastal features that can develop from these processes.
Wave refraction- This occurs when waves change direction. Waves look like they are hitting the
beach head on but are actually hitting the beach at an angle due to the changing speed caused
by the changing density of the medium. This movement causes the backwash to come back
straight causing the longshore currents.
Longshore currents- the longshore current is the whole movement that happens when the waves
intersect the shoreline at non-perpendicular angles. The longshore current creates and uplift and
carry of the sand through the surf zone and onto the shore. This movement of sand is known as
the longshore drift.
Longshore drifts-
The longshore drift is what we call the movement of sediment through the
longshore current. Longshore drifts are found on the west and east coasts of north American and
move the sand from north to south. The longshore current carries these drifts until they can
deposit in a bay or inlet. This causes a spit. A spit is the accumulation of sediment deposits that
can extend the shoreline. If the spit keeps extending across the mouth of the bay it can form a
baymouth bar. Spits and baymouth bars are an annoyance due to the fact that a baymouth bar
can cover the bay making it to where ships can not port. Jetty’s are built to keep the harbor open.
If the jetty is not built or extended out long enough, the spit can still form around the jetty causing
the same situation that the jetty was trying to prevent. There are more effective ways to sold the
problems that spits can cause they are just even more expensive.
5.
Using the study guide in conjunction with the textbook chapters 10-12Test 3, create 15
multiple
choice
questions. Include a minimum of 4 answer choices. Indicate the correct answer. Be sure a
few questions come from each chapter covered by the test.
1.
What is a deposit of sediment caused by the longshore drift?
a.
Spit
b.
Lonshore Current
c.
Fault
d.
Wave refraction
2.
What happens when a spit grows to large and covers the bay?
a.
Lonshore Current
Hillary Wade
October 30, 2021
b.
Lonshore Drift
c.
Rip
d.
Baymouth Bar
3.
Which type of current creates a net movement as waves intersect the shoreline at non-
perpendicular angles?
a.
Lonshore Current
b.
Rip Current
c.
Big Waves
d.
Surf Current
4.
Rip Currents are currents that push ____.
a.
Toward the shoreline
b.
Seaward
c.
South
d.
North
5.
Rip Currents take swimmers out to sea, which of the following is not a way to survive getting
caught in a rip current?
a.
Wait it out until you are out of the current, then swim around the rip current to the
beach.
b.
Swim against the current back to the beach.
c.
Swim parallel to the beach until you are out of the current.
d.
Understand rip currents and have a plan before entering the water, watch for signs and
avoid them.
6.
What is the downhill movement of rock and soil material due to gravity?
a.
Mass Wasting
b.
Gravity
c.
Earth Quake
d.
Tsunami
7.
Which of the following is not a name for the type of mass wasting that moves blocks of bedrock?
a.
Rock Topples
b.
Rock Slides
c.
Rock Falls
d.
Debris flows
8.
Slides can either be translational or ___.
a.
Rotational
b.
Flows
c.
Wasting
d.
Slippery
9.
Which of the following is not typically rapid moving?
a.
Translational
b.
Flows
c.
Rotational
10.
What may trigger a mast wasting event?
a.
Oversteepened slope
b.
Drains
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Hillary Wade
October 30, 2021
c.
Shallow wells
d.
Mitigation
11.
A different approach in reducing landslide hazard is to ___, ___, and ___ the runout material.
a.
Shield, catch, and divert
b.
Run, stop, and go
c.
Water, soak, and dry
d.
Split, throw, and catch
12.
What is a slow and steady movement used with faults, mass wasting in soils, and grain
movement?
a.
Creep
b.
Flow
c.
Translational Slide
d.
Falls
13.
What is a detached, free-falling rocks from very steep slopes?
a.
Rock Fall
b.
Creep
c.
Flows
d.
Slides
14.
Which type of landslide moves a long an internal plane of weakness?
a.
Translational Slide
b.
Rotational Slide
c.
Flow
d.
Falls
15.
Which type of landslide is the movement of regolith along a curved slip plane?
a.
Rotational Slide
b.
Translational Slide
c.
Flows
d.
Falls