Book assessment chapter 8
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Mercer County Community College *
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Course
101
Subject
Geography
Date
Dec 6, 2023
Type
docx
Pages
5
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Answering Questions
:
1.
What factors contributed to European economic growth between 950 and 1100 C.E.? Was this growth beneficial or harmful to the majority of the population?
Several factors contributed to the economic growth of Europe between 950 and 1100 CE. One significant factor was the expansion of trade networks, which allowed for increased commerce and the exchange of goods and ideas. The development of long-distance trade routes, such as the Silk Road and the trans-Saharan trade routes, facilitated the movement of luxury goods and other commodities, contributing to economic growth. However, it is important to note that this economic growth was not evenly distributed among the population, as wealth and
power remained concentrated in the hands of a small elite, leading to continued poverty and hardship for many.
2.
During this period, what relationships do you see between economic growth and political power? Between economic growth and technological achievements?
The agricultural revolution, with new farming techniques and crops, played a crucial role in Europe's economic growth, increasing food production and supporting population growth. Technological advancements in shipbuilding, metalworking, and textile production also contributed to economic growth. However, this growth was not
evenly distributed, with wealth and power concentrated in the hands of
a small elite. Economic growth and political power were intertwined, as rulers used increased revenue to fund military campaigns and expand territories, while also encouraging economic development through trade and infrastructure. Technological achievements and economic growth were mutually reinforcing, with advancements making production more efficient and creating opportunities for further development.
3.
If agriculture, tied to old ways, constituted the main medieval economy, where was the scope for innovation and
invention? How would a change in crop-rotation systems immediately increase production? Why were Europeans slow to adopt such changes?
Despite the potential for innovation and invention in the medieval agricultural economy, the adoption of new farming techniques was hindered by limited knowledge sharing and a general resistance to change among Europeans. The introduction of the three-field crop rotation system was a notable advancement in farming techniques during this period. Traditionally, farmers practiced a two-field system, where one field was left fallow while the other was cultivated. This method allowed the soil to replenish its nutrients but limited the amount of land that could be used for cultivation at any given time. The three-field crop rotation system revolutionized farming by dividing the land into three fields instead of two. One field was planted with a winter crop, such as wheat or rye, which would be harvested in the spring. The second field was planted with a spring crop, such as barley or oats, which would be harvested in the summer. The third field was left fallow to allow the soil to rest and regenerate. This system allowed
for more land to be cultivated simultaneously, increasing overall agricultural production.
However, the adoption of these improvements was slow and limited. One reason for this was the limited knowledge sharing among farmers. In the medieval period, information was primarily passed down through
oral tradition and local customs. There was no widespread dissemination of knowledge or systematic sharing of agricultural practices. As a result, many farmers were unaware of the benefits of the
three-field crop rotation system or other innovative techniques. Additionally, there was a general resistance to change among Europeans during this time. The medieval society was deeply rooted in tradition and conservative in its approach to agriculture. Farmers were often hesitant to adopt new methods, fearing the unknown and potential risks associated with change. This resistance to innovation further hindered the widespread adoption of advancements in farming techniques. Despite these challenges, some regions and individual farmers did embrace innovation and successfully implemented new farming techniques. These pioneers often experienced increased productivity and prosperity, which eventually led to the spread of these practices to neighboring areas. Over time, the benefits of the three-field
crop rotation system and other innovations became more widely recognized, and they gradually became more prevalent in European agriculture.
In conclusion, while the medieval agricultural economy had great potential for innovation and invention, the adoption of new farming techniques was hindered by limited knowledge sharing and a general resistance to change. The introduction of the three-field crop rotation system was a notable advancement, but its widespread adoption was slow due to these barriers. Nonetheless, some regions and individuals were able to overcome these challenges and successfully implement
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innovative farming techniques, leading to increased productivity and eventual diffusion of these practices throughout Europe
4.
Why did Pope Urban II issue the call for the First Crusade? Why did so many western Europeans join the cause? What evidence supports the idea that “the dominant motive for going on the First Crusade was religion”?
Pope Urban II's rallying cry to Western Europeans to join the First Crusade was met with great enthusiasm and support. The Pope's call to arms resonated with many individuals for a variety of reasons, including
religious devotion, the allure of indulgences, and the exciting prospects of adventure and wealth. Religious devotion played a significant role in motivating people to join the Crusade. The Holy Land held immense religious significance for Christians, as it was the birthplace of Jesus Christ and the site of many biblical events. Pope Urban II emphasized the importance of reclaiming these sacred sites from Muslim control, framing the Crusade as a holy mission to protect and restore Christianity's spiritual heritage. This religious fervor inspired countless individuals to take up arms and embark on the perilous journey to the Holy Land. The promise of indulgences also played a crucial role in
attracting participants to the Crusade. Indulgences were seen as a way to obtain forgiveness for sins and reduce time spent in purgatory. Pope Urban II offered indulgences to those who joined the Crusade, promising spiritual rewards and the opportunity to secure their place in heaven. This promise of absolution and eternal salvation was a powerful incentive for individuals seeking spiritual redemption and a chance to atone for their sins. Additionally, the allure of adventure and wealth enticed many to join the Crusade. The prospect of embarking on
a grand military expedition to a distant and exotic land held a strong appeal for those seeking excitement and a break from their mundane lives. The Crusade offered an opportunity for individuals to test their mettle in battle, experience new cultures, and engage in heroic deeds. Moreover, the Holy Land was known for its wealth and prosperity, making it an attractive destination for those seeking economic opportunities and the chance to acquire riches.
In conclusion, Pope Urban II's call to join the First Crusade resonated with Western Europeans due to a combination of religious devotion, the
allure of indulgences, and the exciting prospects of adventure and wealth. These factors motivated countless individuals to answer the Pope's call and embark on a perilous journey to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims.