midterm study guide

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University of West Georgia *

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Geography

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Oct 30, 2023

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midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 1. From the French Fries and Lawns chapters and web sources, know what the Columbian Ex- change was, and what is New World and Old World Columbian exchange- movement of species across the Atlantic Ocean, from the New World to the Old World and vise versa. New World- Western Hemisphere, The Americas. Old World- Eastern Hemisphere, Europe, Africa and Asia 2. Know the Kuznets Curve principle about forest cover in developed and developing coun- tries: the explana- tions for why for- est cover is being lost in developing countries butbeing gained or retained in developed coun- tries. 1- From reliance on raw natural resources (forest and farmland) as population is dependent on natural re- sources extraction (farming, timber industry) 2- Most of the population residing in rural areas in scattered settlements environmental regulations are not well de- veloped 3. Know what Ecologi- cal Footprint is and examples of this Amount of earth surface used to sustain an individual, group and society, examples - lawns, everyday behav- ior 4. Three ways (shown in the population video) in which the government of Bangladesh is fa- cilitating families to have fewer children Introduce family planning, education and contracep- tives, paying families to keep girls in school 5. Birth rate, death rate, and zero popu- lation growth are Birth rate- a measure of natural growth in a population expressed in the number of births per thousand per year. Death rate- a measure of mortality in a population typically expressed as the # of deaths per thousand 1 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 population per year. Zero population growth- when the birth rate equals the death rate 6. Know the top five countries (1-5) with the highest popula- tion in the world 1- China 2- India 3- United States 4- Indonesia 5- Pakistan 7. Know the two main reasons why fewer children per family are being born today globally: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d45Q55nnhSA 1- Education especially in woman (delaying child birth for education) 2- Higher Child survival rate (vaccines, medicine) 8. Know what the Green Revolution was as well as its benefits and prob- lems Green Revolution involved agricultural technological innovation between 1940s and 1980s at research cen- ters, universities, governmental agricultural research departments, and corporations (Monsanto). Increased agricultural yields dramatically and was viewed as a solution to food shortages in developing countries. Emphasized single crops (monocultures) like corn, wheat, rice, potatoes and involved massive hybridiza- tion of plants and animals. Introduced new plants in non-native ecosystems around the world Problems- Massive use of fertilizers, loss of native food crops, large scale deforestation. Soil erosion, chemical pollution Pros- Capable of growing crops on a massive scale. Make plants which are resistant to pests and her- bicides. Farming can become a process of automa- tion/mechanization. Farmers can replant the same crops on the same land without having to let land follow. Farmers can grow and export surplus cash crops for profit 9. The role of Nor- man Borlaug in the Green Revolution World Food Prize/Won Noble Peace Prize that saved people from starving Originator of dwarf wheat variety in Mexico and is godfather of GR. The varieties of wheat 2 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 became a model for what could be done in other crops. an American scientist interested in agriculture 10. Know Thomas Malthus (Malthusian Theory) argument about population and resources (see the population Pow- erPoint). The earth can only produce so much resources and if the population continues to grow, we will run out of food. The capacity of the earth to produce resources such as food is fixed. Humans as innovative new technology can produce more food use of renewable sources of energy. Human population is the greatest influence on earth resources given that they are inherently fi- nite/fixed 11. From the French fries chapter in Rob- bins, know how much money a farmer spends on average to grow Russet Burbank potatoes on one acre, how much the farmer is paid by fast food companies for the potatoes he grows on each acre, the profit the farm- ers gets for the pota- toes grown on each acre, and why farm- ers continue to grow the Russet Bur- bank potatoes de- spite this marginal (small profits) they get Profit the farmers gets for the potatoes grown on each acre- $50 American farmers will get sue if they grow any other because they are signed on a contract 12. Amount of water on average required to grow one servicing 6 gallons 3 / 11

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midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 of Russet Burbank French fries 13. How the spread of potatoes around the world affected nutri- tion and food secu- rity in countries that are growing them The potato was easy to grow and maintain and became a staple in the diet of the places it is grown. However the use of the monoculture led to the depletion of the soil that was used, therefore decreasing the biodiversity of native foods 14. The country that is the top producer of potatoes today (Google it) China 15. The reasons why the Russet Burbank potato is the fa- vorite potato for the French fry industry They can be easily frozen and shipped with out mess- ing with the texture and is the perfect flavor and consis- tency for frying 16. Know how over- reliance on a monocrop can im- pact food securi- ty, and the exam- ple discussed in the French Fries chap- ter of a historical catastrophe experi- enced by a country as a result of over relying on one main food crop; specific effect on the coun- try'spopulation as discussed in Rob- bins Because if there was a blight, then all the plants effect- ed by blight that were mono crops would all be killed simultaneously and we would be left with no reliable access to affordable nutrients. Irish Potato Famine- Ireland depended too much on a monocrop of a single type of potato so when blight hit, 1 million died and thousands ill bc the main food supply was gone 17. 4 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 Know where pota- toes were first grown before spreading to the rest of the world and what is being done in the region of pota- to origin to preserve potato diversity South America, Andean Altiplano about 7000 years ago. Preservation of potato diversity is achieved through local innovation and the search for alterna- tive agricultural networks. In the Andean mountains of Peru, four species of potatoes remain under extensive cultivation by farmers, three of which are only found in this specific region 18. Understand eu- trophication, its causes and how lawns contribute to it A processing where water bodies, soils and habitats become very high in nutrients from fertilizer runoff lead- ing to algal blooms and overall ecosystem degradation. It is caused by nutrients such as fertilizers from lawns and farms running into water bodies and causing algal blooms 19. Understand what Urban Heat Island Effect is and how it can be reduced (use Robbins defini- tion, not the web) Cities being warmer due to the absorption and re-ra- diation of heat from streets sidewalks and buildings. Reduced by planting more vegetation in cities. 20. Understand what the grass now used for lawns was orig- inally used for in the US and how it got here; and who kept lawns as we know them to- day, in the regions where lawns were first kept) Feeding livestock. Turf grass brought to US by Columbian Exchange. Ten most popular lawn grasses native to old world. 21. Know two rea- sons why home- owners keep lawns even though they To be a good neighbor, look responsible and it is so- cially expected. Curb appeal/good lawns raise property value. 5 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 cost lots of money tomaintain (in terms of water, chemicals, time), as well as hav- ing negative envi- ronmental effects 22. Why the ex- tensive, well-mani- cured lawns be- came more available to the general public in the United States after the 1950s Cars were more affordable and Americans could pur- chase homes with bigger lots away from the cities 23. Why lawns as we know them in the United States have been adopted in de- veloping countries like India and China. Urban heat island effect helps with temperature control, carbon capture of greenhouse gases, mainly being push because of social construction ("trendy") 24. Know what agrodi- versity is and its im- portance and how it applied to how turf grass was first grown in the US The # and range of species in a cultivated area. In- teractions between agricultural management practices, farmers resource endowments, bio physical resources, and species. If it is to have practical use. Turf grass was originally grown in the US with a mix of other crops in an agro-diverse system 25. What's the name given for the disap- pearance of bees? Colony Collapse Disorder 26. What are the sus- pected causes of CCD? It's probably a combination of things. Probably poor nutrition, lack of habitat. All the feral bees, the native bees, they have no place to live anymore because we pave everything, we have these big huge lawns that they can't live in. The other thing that's probably a contributing factor is the diseases and the parasites. 6 / 11

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midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 27. Is there any one cause of bee dis- appearance that sci- entists have identi- fied? Colony collapse disorder 28. Have scientists found one/specific cause of CCD? We still have not found any single cause of colony collapse disorder. 29. Beekeepers around the world have seen an annual loss of what % of their bee colonies? 30-90% 30. Names of parasites that are affecting bees Parasites straight out of a horror movie, like Acarapis woodi, microscopic mites that infect the tracheae (that's the breathing tubes) of bees. Varroa distructer 31. Effects of Neonicoti- noids on bees Neonicotinoids, a chemical family similar to nicotine, was approved in the early 1990s as an alternative to chemicals like DDT. They attack insects by harming their nervous systems. Today, they are the most widely used insecticides in the world. HARM INSECTS NEUROSYSTEMS. Convulsions and death are caused by high doses. Small doses can impact their sense of direction and cause them to be separated from their hives 32. Why there are de- lays in finding al- ternatives to harm- ful to harmful pesti- cides but there are billions of dollars to be made in delaying this. like too much genetic uniformity, crop monocultures, poor nutrition due to overcrowding, stress because of human activities, and other pesticides. 33. Move bees around 7 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 Why farmers have to rely on commercial beekeepers 34. Causes of bee dis- appearance Their not one thing killing the bees 35. What is the biggest pollination event in the world? which is the almond pollination in California and so we went out there which starts in February and which is just massive because they're just they bring in a couple of million hives of bees for strictly the almond pollination 36. Is there one thing that is killing the bees? No. there's not one thing that is killing the bees and a lot of people think that oh what is killing the bees well it's a combination of things 37. Difference between European Union and the United States in the way new pesticides are tested and ap- proved before they are introduced into the ecosystem: Pre- cautionary Principle v. conditional regis- tration In Europe, they operate under the precautionary prin- ciple, which means they have to intensively test the chemicals that are going into the environment. In USA, we do conditional registration. The manufacturer can put them out based on their own tests and facts Europe Test extensively before it goes into the environ- ment to make sure it safe we do not do it in the US. The US does conditional registration of pesticides where the manufacturer are allowed to put them out based on their own data and test approved by the EPA under conditional registration and then we find out it may not be good for the environment and bees 38. Honey bees account for what fraction of the food that is con- sumed in America? 1/3 39. Causes of bee dis- appearance Not one thing killing the bees 8 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 40. How bees commu- nicate the where- about of food to oth- er bees She does a dance to get their attention to follow her "waggle dance" 41. From what country has the US been im- porting bees? Australia 42. Why were bees do- ing better in the city of Paris, France, compared to the countryside? Bc when they are in the country, they are around a lot more pesticides bc of the farmland. In the city the na- ture is left alone. There is also a wide diversity of plants year round in the city instead of modern agricultural practices 43. How many types of chemicals did Maryann Frazier of Penn University find in the pollen sam- ples of a hive? 40 44. Effects of the more toxic chemicals on the bees ability to learn, according to Penn State Universi- ty studies Pesticides 45. Name of the single cell parasite found in bees found in all Spain's hives Nosema Cerana 46. An old enemy of the honey bee that killed half the num- ber of honey bees in Mites Varroa destructor 9 / 11

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midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 the United States in the 1980s 47. How China's loca- tion where bees dis- appeared are polli- nating pear plants due to lack of bees Hand pollinate 48. Which virus affect- ing bees was only found in Israel, ini- tially and how did it get to the US? AIPV, Australian bees 49. The country that is exporting bees to the US Australia 50. Effect of single crop pollination on bee health Deficiency disease 51. What nosema cer- ana is and its asso- ciation with bee dis- appearance A single cell parasite, no association 52. Two things that killed bees in southern Sichuan Province China in early 1980s Pesticides 53. What scientists are doing to strengthen bee population Use aggressive africanized bees to engineer a new breed of super bee resistant to all kinds of disease 54. Know what Recon- ciliation Ecology is Creating habitats and accommodating biodiversity in human dominated areas. A science of imagining, creat- 10 / 11

midterm study guide Study online at https://quizlet.com/_b2spf6 and the two exam- ples discussed in your text (Robbins). ing, and sustaining habitats, productive environments, and biodiversity in places used, traveled and inhabited by human beings. Examples- Rocky Mountain Northwest, where livestock ranchers and conservationists are allying to simulta- neously conserve wolves and maintain ranching as an economically viable livelihood. 55. Know eco-centrism and anthropocen- trism Ecocentrism- an environmental ethical stance that ar- gues that ecological concerns should over and above human priorities be central to decisions about right and wrong action Anthropocentrism- an ethical standpoint that views hu- mans as the central factor in considerations of right and wrong action in and toward nature 56. Demographic Tran- sition a shift in human population in which life span and child survival increase, and birth rates decline in association with modernization, higher education and incomes, more availability and use of contraceptives and better medical services 11 / 11