Chapter 3 HW

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Jan 9, 2024

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Jose Sebastian Ashton Danielle Chapter 3 Homework Problems 1. Discuss the components of total return There are two components of total investment return: yield and capital gain. Yield is the ratio of cash payments to the current price of the investment. You calculate yield by adding all of the cash distributions given to investors like dividends and interest payments and dividing it by the current share price of the investment. Yield is the percentage of return on an investment over a period of time that can be spent, reinvested or utilized for another investment opportunity. Capital gain is the change in value of an investment from one holding period to the next and is incurred when the security is sold. It could be either a gain or a loss, depending on whether the security depreciated/appreciated in value at the time of the sale. Investors decide when to sell their securities so they are able to dictate whether they incur a loss or gain of capital. The total return is calculated by adding the yield and the capital gain percentages. 2. Explain the basic premise of holding period return (HPR) and its biggest limitation. Holding period return is the percentage of growth of a security over the entire lifetime of the investment. It’s calculated by adding the ending value and beginning value of an investment plus or minus the cash flows depending if the cash flows are negative or positive. The limitation of the holding period returns: it’s hard to interpret the calculation if it doesn't recognize time. Return calculations are made on an annual basis to make them more comparable and easier to interpret. 3. Compare arithmetic and geometric returns. Arithmetic returns are the average holding period returns divided by the number of periods. Geometric are the compounded returns assuming all of the funds get reinvested, it’s also known as the internal rate of return (IRR). 4. What is the internal rate of return (IRR) and how is it related to the net present value (NPV)? NPV is the difference between present values of cash inflows/outflows over a period of time. IRR is a calculation used to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is related to the Net Present Value (NPV) as the two are discounted cash flow methods used for evaluating investments or capital projects.
Jose Sebastian Ashton Danielle Chapter 3 Homework Problems 5. Contrast dollar-weighted and time-weighted returns. Dollar-weighted rate of return (DWRR) and time-weighted rate of return (TWRR) are two common methods used to report investment performance. DWRR is more investor- centric because it does not isolate fund performance, however is highly influenced by the timing of cash flows. TWRR measures investments returned on average, and is more focused on the investment manager’s performance rather than the individual investor. 6. Explain an annualized return. An annualized return is a measure for how much an investment has earned on the average of that year or each year during a specific period of time. Annualized return is calculated as a geometric average to show the effect of compounding on the investment made and is expressed as a percentage. 7. Define weighted return. Weighted return is a measure used to calculate the overall return of a portfolio where each investment has a different contribution to the total return. 8. List five common systematic risks There are five prevalent systematic risks: market risk, interest rate risk, purchasing power risk, exchange rate risk, and reinvestment rate risk. Market risk arises from how changes in the market can impact equity prices. Interest rate risk, on the other hand, stems from fluctuations in asset prices due to alterations in interest rates or yields. Purchasing power risk is linked to the fluctuation in asset values caused by shifts in inflation. Exchange rate risk pertains to the uncertainty in returns for foreign investments due to fluctuations in the value of a foreign currency in comparison to the investor's domestic currency. Lastly, reinvestment rate risk refers to the variability in the final value of an asset due to changes in the rate of return on reinvestment opportunities. 9. Explain how adding securities to a concentrated portfolio can reduce unsystematic risk. Adding securities to a concentrated portfolio can reduce unsystematic risk by diversifying the portfolio. This diversification spreads the investment across a broader range of assets and industries. Since unsystematic risk tends to affect specific
Jose Sebastian Ashton Danielle Chapter 3 Homework Problems industries, companies, and countries, the portfolio becomes less reliant on the performance of a few of its investments. Diversification helps mitigate the impact of adverse events in a single investment, and can lead to a more stable portfolio. 10.Explain how financial risk impacts return on equity. Financial Risk causes an increasing impact on return on equity. The reason people might want to go ahead and take on a financial risk( aka. debt) is cause debt is cheaper than equity. Financing assets through debt rather than equity increases return on equity, which is vital for analyzing the investors portfolio performance. 11.Compare standard deviation and beta. Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion, of distance between data points and their mean, and a measure of risk. We can also say that its a measure of total variability. On the other hand, Beta is most commonly used to measure the risk of a portfolio or security relative to the market or a benchmark. While SD measures total risk, Beta only measures systematic risk. 12.Explain correlation and the coefficient of determination. Correlation indicated the strength and direction of a relationship. It lets you know how you determine the level of diversification within a portfolio. The statistics used to provide the answer are R (Correlation coefficient) and R squared ( Coefficient of determination). While R explains the relationship between two variables, R square is a % change in the dependent variable that is explained by changes in the independent variable.
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