Chapter 3 HW
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Jose
Sebastian
Ashton
Danielle
Chapter 3 Homework Problems
1.
Discuss the components of total return
There are two components of total investment return: yield and capital gain. Yield is the
ratio of cash payments to the current price of the investment. You calculate yield by
adding all of the cash distributions given to investors like dividends and interest
payments and dividing it by the current share price of the investment. Yield is the
percentage of return on an investment over a period of time that can be spent,
reinvested or utilized for another investment opportunity. Capital gain is the change in
value of an investment from one holding period to the next and is incurred when the
security is sold. It could be either a gain or a loss, depending on whether the security
depreciated/appreciated in value at the time of the sale. Investors decide when to sell
their securities so they are able to dictate whether they incur a loss or gain of capital.
The total return is calculated by adding the yield and the capital gain percentages.
2.
Explain the basic premise of holding period return (HPR) and its biggest
limitation.
Holding period return is the percentage of growth of a security over the entire lifetime of
the investment. It’s calculated by adding the ending value and beginning value of an
investment plus or minus the cash flows depending if the cash flows are negative or
positive. The limitation of the holding period returns: it’s hard to interpret the calculation
if it doesn't recognize time. Return calculations are made on an annual basis to make
them more comparable and easier to interpret.
3.
Compare arithmetic and geometric returns.
Arithmetic returns are the average holding period returns divided by the number of
periods. Geometric are the compounded returns assuming all of the funds get
reinvested, it’s also known as the internal rate of return (IRR).
4.
What is the internal rate of return (IRR) and how is it related to the net present
value (NPV)?
NPV is the difference between present values of cash inflows/outflows over a period of
time. IRR is a calculation used to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is related to the Net Present Value (NPV) as the two are
discounted cash flow methods used for evaluating investments or capital projects.
Jose
Sebastian
Ashton
Danielle
Chapter 3 Homework Problems
5.
Contrast dollar-weighted and time-weighted returns.
Dollar-weighted rate of return (DWRR) and time-weighted rate of return (TWRR) are two
common methods used to report investment performance. DWRR is more investor-
centric because it does not isolate fund performance, however is highly influenced by
the timing of cash flows. TWRR measures investments returned on average, and is
more focused on the investment manager’s performance rather than the individual
investor.
6.
Explain an annualized return.
An annualized return is a measure for how much an investment has earned on the
average of that year or each year during a specific period of time. Annualized return is
calculated as a geometric average to show the effect of compounding on the investment
made and is expressed as a percentage.
7.
Define weighted return.
Weighted return is a measure used to calculate the overall return of a portfolio where
each investment has a different contribution to the total return.
8.
List five common systematic risks
There are five prevalent systematic risks: market risk, interest rate risk, purchasing
power risk, exchange rate risk, and reinvestment rate risk. Market risk arises from how
changes in the market can impact equity prices. Interest rate risk, on the other hand,
stems from fluctuations in asset prices due to alterations in interest rates or yields.
Purchasing power risk is linked to the fluctuation in asset values caused by shifts in
inflation. Exchange rate risk pertains to the uncertainty in returns for foreign investments
due to fluctuations in the value of a foreign currency in comparison to the investor's
domestic currency. Lastly, reinvestment rate risk refers to the variability in the final value
of an asset due to changes in the rate of return on reinvestment opportunities.
9.
Explain how adding securities to a concentrated portfolio can reduce
unsystematic risk.
Adding securities to a concentrated portfolio can reduce unsystematic risk by
diversifying the portfolio. This diversification spreads the investment across a broader
range of assets and industries. Since unsystematic risk tends to affect specific
Jose
Sebastian
Ashton
Danielle
Chapter 3 Homework Problems
industries, companies, and countries, the portfolio becomes less reliant on the
performance of a few of its investments. Diversification helps mitigate the impact of
adverse events in a single investment, and can lead to a more stable portfolio.
10.Explain how financial risk impacts return on equity.
Financial Risk causes an increasing impact on return on equity. The reason people
might want to go ahead and take on a financial risk( aka. debt) is cause debt is cheaper
than equity. Financing assets through debt rather than equity increases return on equity,
which is vital for analyzing the investors portfolio performance.
11.Compare standard deviation and beta.
Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion, of distance between data points and
their mean, and a measure of risk. We can also say that its a measure of total variability.
On the other hand, Beta is most commonly used to measure the risk of a portfolio or
security relative to the market or a benchmark. While SD measures total risk, Beta only
measures systematic risk.
12.Explain correlation and the coefficient of determination.
Correlation indicated the strength and direction of a relationship. It lets you know how
you determine the level of diversification within a portfolio. The statistics used to provide
the answer are R (Correlation coefficient) and R squared ( Coefficient of determination).
While R explains the relationship between two variables, R square is a % change in the
dependent variable that is explained by changes in the independent variable.
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Related Questions
Which of the following statements is true?
Question 3Select one:
a.
The inflation rate is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow.
b.
The real cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow.
c.
The real cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect their wealth, as measured by the number of dollars they have, to grow.
d.
The nominal cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow.
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This method evaluates the return of an investment by dividing the annual average income by the average investment,
Select one:
a. Discounted Approach
b. Simple rate of return Method
c. Cash Payback Method
d. Internal Rate of Return Method
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The present value of an investment's future cash flows divided by its initial cost is the:
O Net present value.
O Internal rate of return.
O Average accounting return.
O Profitability index.
O Payback period.
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Discounting an investment’s cash flows using the internal rate of return will result in which of the following?
Group of answer choices
net present value of one
net present value of zero
positive net present value
negative net present value
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The payback method measures:
The profitability of an investment.
The net cash inflow from an investment.
The economic life of an investment.
How rapidly the investment is recovered.
The investment’s true rate of return.
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NPV measures a. the change in firm value b. the profitability of an investment c. the change in wealth d. the present value of the future net cash flows from the investment e. all of the above
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3. Future value
The principal of the time value of money is probably the single most important concept in financial management. One of the most frequently
encountered applications involves the calculation of a future value.
The process for converting present values into future values is called
four time-value-of-money variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables?
The trend between the present and future values of an investment
The duration of the deposit (N)
The interest rate (t) that could be earned by deposited funds
The present value (PV) of the amount deposited
This process requires knowledge of the values of three of
4
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What is the nominal rate of return on an investment?
Multiple choice question.
It is the percentage change in the number of dollars the investor has.
It is the rate of return earned in excess of the average rate of return earned by similar investments.
It is the average rate of return earned by similar investments.
It is the percentage change in the buying power of the investor.
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un.3
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The profitability index is calculated by _________.
Multiple choice question.
dividing the initial investment by the sum of the future cash flows
dividing the sum of the future cash flows by the initial investment
dividing the PV of the future cash flows by the initial investment
dividing the initial investment by the PV of the future cash flows
arrow_forward
What is the nominal rate of return on an investment?
Multiple choice question.
It is the average rate of return earned by similar investments.
It is the percentage change in the number of dollars the investor has.
It is the percentage change in the buying power of the investor.
It is the rate of return earned in excess of the average rate of return earned by similar investments.
arrow_forward
Which one of the following is an indicator that an investment is acceptable?
Check all that apply:
Profitability index equal 1.5
Profitability index greater than 0
the required return less than internal rate of return
IRR equal to zero
Payback period exceeds the required period
Profitability index equal 1
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______ is a measure of how much value is created or added today by undertaking an investment.
Multiple choice question.
The internal rate of return
The profitability index
Net present value
Average accounting return
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What is the definition of “opportunity cost” as it relates to the time value of money?
It is the loss of a potential gain choosing one alternative over another, particularly ignoring the time value of money.
It is the benefit side of the cost/benefit ratio.
It is the price of selling an asset.
It is the amount of money invested in saving bonds.
exoplain your answer give correct answer
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Provide answer general Accounting question
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This calculation determines profitability or growth potential of an investment, expressed as a percentage, at the point where NPV equals zero.
Group of answer choices
A. internal rate of return (IRR) method
B. net present value (NPV)
C. discounted cash flow model
D. future value method
arrow_forward
2. How would you describe the correlation between risk and return in investments, and what are the various types of
income that investors consider from their standpoint?
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Profitability index. It is a ratio that provides information about the present value of net cash flows to the net investment. It provides a measure of the relative present value return for each dollar of initial investment. Discuss its usefulness. Should managers rely upon it? Consider its usefulness in a capital rationing situation (capital investment under conditions of financial restraint).
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7. The internal rate of return (IRR) can best be
described as:
A. the discount rate at which a set of cash flows have a
zero net present value
B. the discount rate at which a set of cash flows have a
positive net present value
c. the rate which the business has to pay to raise finance
for an investment
the return required by the managers of the business
D.
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The internal rate of return (IRR) is
The same thing as the cost of capital.
The discount rate that equates the present values of cash inflows and cash outflows.
The same thing as the net present value.
The same thing as the profitability index.
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Mastery Problem: Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return
Part One
Companies use capital investment analysis to evaluate long-term investments. Capital investment evaluation methods that use present values are (1) Net present value method (NPV) and (2) Internal rate of return (IRR) method.
Methods That Use Present Values
Of the two capital investment evaluation methods, a defining characteristic NPV and IRR is that they
the time value of money. This means that money tomorrow is worth
money today. And, that cash invested today has the potential to earn income and
in value over time.
True or False: When making an investment decision between two mutually exclusive projects, the project with the greatest return on investment should be chosen.
Feedback
Review the definition of Methods that use present value by rolling your mouse over the underlined item.
Review the definition of Mutually Exclusive Projects by rolling your mouse over the underlined…
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Which of the following decision criteria is the easiest to use and very popular among investors?
O Payback period.
O Internal rate of return.
O Average accounting return.
Net present value.
O Discounted return on investment.
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4. Present value
Finding a present value is the reverse of finding a future value.
Which of the following is true about finding the present value of cash flows?
O Finding the present value of cash flows tells you how much you need to invest today so that it grows to a given future amount at a
specified rate of return.
O Finding the present value of cash flows tells you what a cash flow will be worth in future years at a specified rate of return.
Which of the following investments that pay will $5,000 in 12 years will have a higher price today?
O The security that earns an interest rate of 8.25%.
O The security that earns an interest rate of 5.50%.
Eric wants to invest in government securities that promise to pay $1,000 at maturity. The opportunity cost (interest rate) of holding the security is
13.80%. Assuming that both investments have equal risk and Eric's investment time horizon is flexible, which of the following investment options will
exhibit the lower price?
O An investment…
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Q 2. Suppose an investment has conventional cash flows with positive NPV. How would it
impact your decision based on capital budgeting techniques mentioned below?
i. Profitability index (PI)
ii. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
iii.
Payback Period (PBP)
arrow_forward
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- Which of the following statements is true? Question 3Select one: a. The inflation rate is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow. b. The real cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow. c. The real cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect their wealth, as measured by the number of dollars they have, to grow. d. The nominal cost of capital is a measure of how much providers of capital expect the purchasing power of their investment to grow.arrow_forwardThis method evaluates the return of an investment by dividing the annual average income by the average investment, Select one: a. Discounted Approach b. Simple rate of return Method c. Cash Payback Method d. Internal Rate of Return Methodarrow_forwardThe present value of an investment's future cash flows divided by its initial cost is the: O Net present value. O Internal rate of return. O Average accounting return. O Profitability index. O Payback period.arrow_forward
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- 3. Future value The principal of the time value of money is probably the single most important concept in financial management. One of the most frequently encountered applications involves the calculation of a future value. The process for converting present values into future values is called four time-value-of-money variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables? The trend between the present and future values of an investment The duration of the deposit (N) The interest rate (t) that could be earned by deposited funds The present value (PV) of the amount deposited This process requires knowledge of the values of three of 4arrow_forwardWhat is the nominal rate of return on an investment? Multiple choice question. It is the percentage change in the number of dollars the investor has. It is the rate of return earned in excess of the average rate of return earned by similar investments. It is the average rate of return earned by similar investments. It is the percentage change in the buying power of the investor.arrow_forwardun.3arrow_forward
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