Midland Case Study
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Subject:
Midland Energy Resources Report
Date:
February 7th, 2023
Introduction:
The purpose of this report is to discuss how Midland Energy Resources uses its cost of capital
calculations to drive business decisions. These cost of capital calculations are used for the
business as a whole, while also computing the cost of capital for each of its three key business
units: Explorations & Production (E&P), Refining & Marketing (R&M), and Petrochemicals.
Use of Midland’s Cost of Capital:
Midland Energy Resources uses its cost of capital calculation to determine the potential benefits
across its three different business units as well as the company as a whole. These business
decisions could include M&A transactions, stock repurchases, budgeting, and overall
performance reviews.
Effects on Calculation:
Due to the large scale of the business—$248.5B in revenue and $42.2B in operating income—it
is important this analysis is not only completed for Midland Energy Resources as a whole, but
also examined separately across the 3 key business units.
●
Budgeting for D/E ratio
●
How new projects affect business as a whole and at the business unit level
●
The various amount of risk that is associated with a business decision
Midland Corporate WACC:
The following equation was used to calculate cost of capital:
WACC = r
d
(D/V)(1-t) + r
e
(E/V)
●
R
d
- Cost of Debt: 7.05%
●
D/V- Target Debt Ratio: 42.2%
●
T- Tax: 40%
●
R
e
-
Cost of Equity: 10.19%
●
E/V- Target equity ratio: 57.80%
WACC=7.05%(42.2%)(1-.4)+(10.19%(57.8%))
WACC= 7.69%
Assumptions Associated with Calculation:
●
Tax Rate: The tax rate was calculated by taking the average of the tax rate from the
previous three years
●
Beta: The beta that was used was 1.25 that was provided in the case
●
Capital Structure: The target debt ratio for the company that was provided in the case
●
Cost of Debt: The spread over the past two years was used alongside the 30-yr treasury
rate. This was chosen due to how rates tend to fluctuate less in the long term.
●
EMRP: Used the 5% that was provided by Midland Energy resources
Midland Corporate Hurdle Rate:
Midland should not use a single hurdle rate across the entirety of the company because Midland
has three divergent business units that operate differently due to the size of each. Each sector has
different sales, investments, and risks that make it better to have investments tailored towards
each separately. This leads to WACC needing to be calculated for Midland and all three business
units separately.
Cost of Capital for E&P
Step 1)
Unlevering beta from similar companies using the following equation:
B
L
/ (1+(D/E*(1-t))
Comparable Company
Unlevered Beta
Jackson Energy, Inc.
0.89
Wide Palin Petroleum
0.80
Corsicana Energy Corp.
1.02
Worthington Petroleum
1.08
Step 2)
Take the average of the 4 companies to get an average unlevered beta from 4 similar
companies
Average unlevered Beta = 93.25%
Step 3)
Lever the beta for Midland using the following formula
(1+(D/E*(1-t)) * 0.9325 = Levered Beta
(1+(0.85*(1-.4)) * 0.9325 = 141.0%
Step 4)
Calculate the Cost of Equity using CAPM in the following formula
Rf + EMRP * Levered Beta = Cost of Equity
Cost of Equity = 4.66% + 5% * 141%
Cost of Equity = 12%
Step 5)
Calculate the Cost of Capital using the WACC formula
WACC = r
d
(D/V)(1-t) + r
e
(E/V)
WACC = (1.41)(.4242)(1-0.4)+(.12)(.1019)
WACC= 9.75%
Cost of Capital for Marketing and Refining:
The previous steps used to calculate the Cost of Capital for E&P were used to calculate the cost
of capital for M&R. This yielded a WACC of 9.4% for the M&R division.
Step 1)
Unlevering beta from similar companies using the following equation:
B
L
/ (1+(D/E*(1-t))
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Comparable Company
Unlevered Beta
Bexar Energy, Inc.
1.60
Kirk Corp
0.84
White Point Energy
1.58
Petrarch Fuel Services
0.26
Arkana Petroleum Corp
1.05
Beaumont Energy, Inc
0.92
Dameron Fuel Services
1.09
Step 2)
Take the average of the 4 companies to get an average unlevered beta from 4 similar
companies
Average unlevered Beta = 105%
Step 3)
Lever the beta for Midland using the following formula
(1+(D/E*(1-t)) * 1.95 = Levered Beta
(1+(0.449*(1-.4)) * 1.05 = 133.0%
Step 4)
Calculate the Cost of Equity using CAPM in the following formula
Rf + EMRP * Levered Beta = Cost of Equity
Cost of Equity = 4.66% + 5% * 133%
Cost of Equity = 11%
Step 5)
Calculate the Cost of Capital using the WACC formula
WACC = r
d
(D/V)(1-t) + r
e
(E/V)
WACC = (1.41)(.4242)(1-0.4) +(.11)(.1019)
WACC= 9.4%
Difference between E&P and M&R divisions:
There is a difference between the cost of capital for E&P and M&R, because they have different
betas and costs of equity. This plays an important role when making investing and business
decisions in each of the different areas and shows why calculating the WACC for the different
areas is important when making decisions as a firm rather than solely relying on the WACC for
the whole firm.
Petrochemical Cost of Capital:
In order to calculate the Cost of capital for Petrochemical first the beta was found for Petro taking
the unlevered betas of Midland, E&P, and R&M and the three weighted averages.
Step 1)
Weights for each business area
Total Assets
Weight
E&P
140,100
0.534
R&M
93,829
0.3576
Petrochemical
28,450
0.1084
Midland
262,378
Step 2)
Calculate Petrochemical’s beta:
Unlevered Beta of Midland Energy = (Asset Beta of E&P*Weight of E&P) + (Weight of R&M *
Asset Beta of R&M) + (Weight of Petrochemicals * Asset Beta of Petrochemicals)
The Asset beta of Petrochemicals was then calculated to be 0.5.
Step 3)
Lever Beta
Levered Beta = Unlevered Beta*(1+(D/E*(1-t))
Levered Beta= 0.5*(1+((1-.4)*0.666))
Levered Beta=0.7
Step 4)
Calculate the cost of Equity through the CAPM
Rf + EMRP * Levered Beta = Cost of Equity
4.66% + 0.06 * 0.7 = 8.86%
Step 5)
Calculate the WACC
WACC = r
d
(D/V)(1-t) + r
e
(E/V)
WACC = (0.0601)(0.4)(1-0.4)+(0.0886)(0.6)
WACC=6.77%
Summary Analysis of Midland Cost of Capital:
Midland - 7.69%
E&P - 9.75%
M&R - 0.4%
Petrochemical - 6.77%
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