WACC Project Instructions 2023 (1)
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WACC Project
In this project, the student will find and discern the appropriate data to determine a
realistic assessment of the weighted average cost of capital for a firm of his/her choosing.
The student will need to search for data from several sources, use subjective judgment to
determine which data to use or discard, use subjective judgment to determine which
calculation gives a more acceptable estimate and make some simplifying assumptions.
The purpose of the projects is to show some of the sources of measurement errors in
financial analysis, to introduce the diverse sources of publicly available financial
information and to develop skill in analysis in situations where there are too much or too
little data. (McDaniel, 1997).
When choosing a company, it must be publicly traded, no utilities, no financial firms, no
all equity firms, must be paying dividends, and avoid firms with large amounts of
convertible securities or warrants.
Organization of the paper should be as follows:
I.
Pages showing equations with data and brief description. Detailed
descriptions, tables of data and excel sheets etc will be in the appendix.
Cost of Equity (Common Stock)
Beta
from Regression and two Betas from analysts
Beta Chosen for CAPM and why
Capital Assets Pricing Model (include how determined R
F
and[ R
M
or (R
M
– R
F
)]
Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) (only if dividends – include how determined growth rate)
Own-Bond-Yield-plus-Judgmental-Risk-Premium (include how determine risk premium)
Cost of Preferred Stock
Cost of Debt (make sure to include table that lists all bond issues with weighted average
cost of debt)
Market Value of Debt (will have calculated above, but will need to add any long term
leases from balance sheet to get total market value of debt)
Market Value of Equity
Market Value of Preferred Stock
Value of Firm
Firm’s Tax Rate (explain how determined)
Weight for Equity
Weight for Preferred Stock
Weight for Debt
WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital)
II.
Assumptions: including but not limited to R
F
, R
M,
R
m
- R
F.
growth rate of
dividends. This page should have a brief description of how you came up with
the estimates with spreadsheets, etc. to be put in the appendix.
III.
Appendix
Appendix should include all relevant data including debt data from Net
Advantage, calculations of weighted average cost of debt, stock returns, betas from
analysts, beta regression analysis, method/sourcing for R
F
and R
M,
growth rates for
dividends, different methods to determine tax rates, etc.
IV.
References
HELPFUL INFORMATION
BONDS:
I will show you how to access bond yield date in Net Advantage in class.
Calculating the Weighted Average Cost of Debt
•
1.Find the outstanding amount of each bond issue.
2. Add up all the total of your sample
3. Calculate the weights for each bond issue as Outstanding amount of bond issue/
Total value of sample. Make sure your weights sum to one.
6. For each bond issue, multiply the weight by that issue’s YTM.
7. Sum the weighted YTMs, and you now have the weighted average R
D
,
Calculating the Weights for the WACC
•
1. Take the book value of bonds (long term debt) from balance sheet. To that you
will add in the value of leases as shown on recent statements/ data.
•
2. For Preferred Stock, find the number of preferred shares in the annual report
and the prices in the
WSJ Market Center
•
3. For common equity, find the price and number of shares in Yahoo Finance.
Calculating the Required Return on Preferred Stock
•
1.To Calculate R
PF
, we use the constant dividend model, ie. the perpetuity model.
•
2. R
PF
= Dividend/P
0
•
3. Check in your company’s annual report to see if they have preferred stock and
what the dividend is. Make sure you use the yearly dividend since we are
calculating annual returns.
•
Prices can be found online.
Calculating the Required Return on Common Stock
CAPM
Determining Beta
1.
Find the beta from Yahoo Finance and another external source for your firm.
2. Perform a regression using stock returns versus the appropriate market return.
For most firms, the S&P 500 will be sufficient; if you chose a relatively small
firm, you might want to use the NASDAQ returns.
The example that I show you uses IBM and 60 months of historical monthly price
data. I also used the monthly price data for the S&P 500.
This information is downloaded first and then only the needed columns are cut
and pasted into the spreadsheet and the monthly returns will be automatically
calculated.
Data on stock prices and dividends can be downloaded from the web and used to
make betas for real companies.
I demonstrate the process for IBM in this section. I
downloaded stock prices and dividends from http://finance.yahoo.com for IBM
using its ticker symbol IBM. I
also downloaded data for the S&P 500 Index,
whose
symbol is ^GSPC to represent the market.
Here are the steps I followed:
Steps:
1. Access the Internet, then go to
http://finance.yahoo.com/
2. Enter IBM in the symbol slot and then click
Get quotes.
3. Click on "Historical prices" to get a history of IBM prices.
4. Enter a Start Date 5 years ago and a current ending date .
Click the "monthly" button. then
"Get prices" to get 5 years of monthly
prices for IBM.
The closing prices are adjusted for dividends and splits.
5. Note that Yahoo's data is downloaded as a CSV file. Save the file as an excel
spreadsheet. Save as IBM
6. Repeat the process to get the S&P index, symbol ^GSPC .
Save this file as SP500 and in
excel format.
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7. Open the IBM file and delete the columns except for the date and closing prices. Then
open the SP500 file, copy the closing price data, and paste it into Column B on the IBM
file.
8. Now move the IBM data over to column D and then calculate the monthly returns on the
market and on IBM
9. Now you can run the regression of IBM's returns on the market to find its beta.
Regression analysis is performed by using the
‘SLOPE’ FUNCTION in Excel.
Y
ou may decide that a years worth of weekly data would be better, perhaps if there were
something unusual two years ago. You could also use daily data, generally 200 days
worth. In these cases you will have to adjust the spreadsheet for fewer/more data points.
3.You must now decide if you want to average your betas or drop one of them. In our
example , the calculated beta was .643 and we had two other estimates of .66 and .85. It
would be your choice to either drop the .85 and average the other two, or average all
three.
You must justify your choices and provide citations/ references at the end.
You must now decide what value you will use for R
F
and either R
M
or RP
M
where
•
CAPM:
R
E
= R
RF
+ (R
M
– R
RF
)b
= R
RF
+ (RP
M
)b.
Again,
You must justify your choices for R
F
and either R
M
or R
PM
and provide
citations/ references at the end.
The Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Judgmental-Risk-Premium Method
R
E
= R
D
+ Judgmental risk premium
This judgmental-risk premium
¹
the CAPM equity risk premium, R
PM
.
Produces ballpark estimate of RE.
Useful check, particularly if Dividend Growth and CAPM are significantly different.
Again, you must justify your answer
Dividend Growth Model
•
R
E
= {[D
0
* (1+g)] /P
0
} + g
•
The challenge here is to estimate the growth rate. There are several suggestions in
your text as well as in earlier videos.
Corporate Tax Rate
You may be able to find the corporate tax rate directly in the annual report.
Or you can choose to use the formula:
Taxes = Tax Rate * Earnings Before Taxes
Since both Taxes and Earnings before Taxes are in the Income Statement, you can then
calculate the tax rate.
Reference
McDaniel, William (1997). The Cost of Capital Project
Journal of Financial Education
,
Fall 1997. p. 57-66.
OCS DETERMINATION
Having approximated your company’s WACC – play around with the percentages of debt
and equity to see the impact on WACC. Remember that as the percentage of debt
increases, the firm becomes a riskier borrower. Make reasonable adjustments to costs of
capital as you vary the capital structure of the firm.
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