EXAM PROBLEMS

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Laurentian University *

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3006

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Finance

Date

Jan 9, 2024

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pdf

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8

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P1 : You are trying to value Ask Inc., a small, publicly traded manufacturing company. The firm generated $10 million in after-tax operating income in the most recent year on revenues of $ 80 million; the invested capital (book value) at the start of the year was $100 million. The firm is expected to maintain its existing return on capital in perpetuity. Capital expenditures in the most recent year amounted to $12 million, depreciation was $5 million and non-cash working capital increased from $6 million to $8 million during the course of the year. The firm is expected to have a 12% cost of capital for the next 5 years and 8% thereafter. Assuming that Ask maintains the reinvestment rate that it posted in its most recent year for the next 5 years, estimate the expected free cash flows to the firm each year for the next 5 years. At the end of year 5, Ask Inc. is expected to be a stable growth firm, growing 3% a year in perpetuity. Estimate the terminal value (the value at the end of year 5). Finally, assume that Ask Inc. has a cash balance of $15 million, debt outstanding (in book and market terms) of $40 million and 8 million shares outstanding, estimate the value per share.
P2 : Lev Inc. has approached you for advice on its capital structure. Lev Inc. has debt outstanding of $12.14 billion (trading at par) and equity outstanding of $20.55 billion. The firm has EBIT of $1.7 billion and faced a corporate tax rate of 36%. The beta for the stock is 0.84, and the bonds are rated A– (with a market interest rate of 7.5%). The probability of default for A– rated bonds is 1.41%, and the bankruptcy cost is estimated to be 30% of firm value. Estimate the unlevered value of the firm. Value the firm, if it increases its leverage to 50%. At that debt ratio, its bond rating would be BBB and the probability of default would be 2.30%. If Lev Inc. has investment needs of 0.50 billion and is expected to finance these needs at the current capital structure, what is the maximum amount it can distribute back to its shareholders? Assume now that Lev Inc. is considering a move into entertainment, which is likely to be both more profitable and riskier than the phone business. What changes would you expect in the optimal leverage?
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P3 : You are helping a bookstore decide whether it should open a coffee shop on the premises. The details of the investment are as follows: The coffee shop will cost $5,000,000 to open; it will have a five-year life and be depreciated straight line over the period to a salvage value of $1,000,000. The sales at the shop are expected to be $1,500,000 in the first year and grow 10% a year for the following four years. The operating expenses will be 50% of revenues. Net working capital amounting to 5 % of revenues has to be maintained; investments in working capital are made at the beginning of each year. The tax rate is 40%. Cost of Capital is 12%. The coffee shop is expected to generate additional sales of $2,000,000 next year for the book shop, and the pretax operating margin on book sales is 40%. These sales will grow 20% a year for the following four years. Estimate the NPV of the coffee shop without the additional book sales. Estimate the present value of the cash flows accruing from the additional book sales. Would you open the coffee shop?
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P4 : Wiley Inc. reported EBITDA of $ 1,290 million in a recent financial year, prior to interest expenses of $ 215 million and depreciation charges of $ 400 million. Capital expenditures amounted to $ 450 million during the year, and working capital was 7% of revenue (of $ 13,500 million). The firm had debt outstanding of $ 3.068 billion (with a market capitalization of 3.2 billion) and yielding a pre-tax interest rate of 8%. There were 62 million shares outstanding, trading at $ 64/share, and the most recent Beta is 1.10. The tax rate for the firm is 40%, and the treasury bond rate is 7%. The firm expects revenues, earnings, capital expenditures and depreciation to grow at 9.5%/year for the next 5 years, after which the growth rate will drop to 4%. The company plans to lower its debt/equity ratio to 50% for the steady state, which will result in the pre-tax interest rate dropping to 7.5%. The market risk premium is 5.5%. Estimate the value of the firm. Estimate the value of the equity in the firm and value/share.