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Security markets started as a centralized trading location that traded securities in an auction format. The largest of these exchanged that continues to have a physical location is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) (Block, et. al., 2022). When thinking of the NYSE, my mind always goes back to videos of brokers yelling back and forth acting as agents for buyers and sellers. While this can be exciting, it is inefficient. NASDAQ was created as an electronic stock exchange known for trading in technology stocks. NASDAQ has evolved over the years from just equities to options as well by acquiring the Boston and Philadelphia Exchanges. It also now owns three Canadian, four Nordic, and three Baltic exchanges (Block, et. Al., 2022). The requirements to be on the NASDAQ are lower than NYSE so many newer companies start their listing on NASDAQ. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) started in 1898 as the Chicago Butter and Egg Board (Block, et. al., 2022). This is where you would go if you had physical products to sell. It also allowed a buyer to lock in a price for “future” purchases. Over the years, the product available on the exchange grew dramatically, and shortly after 1972, currency futures were born (Block, et. al., 2022). As industries continued to grow and expand into international markets, it became important for companies to trade on foreign exchanges also. This all led to the creation of Electronic Communication Networks (ECN). The ECN can act as a broker-dealer or as an exchange to match orders between buyers and sellers (Block, et. al., 2022). There is no physical trading floor and if a company wishes to trade on the exchange, they must subscribe. The efficient market hypothesis has three forms. The first is the weak form. This indicates past information has no effect on future pricing. The semi strong form feels that all current public information is reflected in the price, while the strong form believes the price reflects all public and nonpublic information (Block, et. al., 2022). Ironically the strong form is illegal due to insider information. Dark pools match up buyers and sellers without making the trade public knowledge (Block, et. al., 2022). There are arguments both for and against this type of trading. The ones that are for this type of trading believe prices become more efficient and discourages high-frequency traders from entering the market. These against the process believe it makes the markets less liquid and that pricing can be more inefficient without all the public knowledge. Rivian is an electronic vehicle maker that raised $2.5 billion in private equity to T. Rowe Price in 2020 (Kunthara, 2021). According to Yahoo (2024), 28.52% of shares are held by insiders while 52.37% are held by institutions. The largest being Amazon.com at 16.54% followed by T. Rowe Price at 10.14% with Vanguard Group rounding out the top three at 7.13%. Not surprisingly, the top five mutual fund holdings are T. Rowe Price and Vanguard (Yahoo, 2024). Block, S. B., Hirt, G. A., & Danielsen, B. R. (2022). Foundations of financial management
(18th ed.)
. Kunthara, S. (2021, February 4). These were the largest funding rounds of
2020
. Crunchbase News. https://news.crunchbase.com/venture/largest-
funding-rounds-of-2020/#:~:text=These%20Were%20The%20Largest
%20Funding%20Rounds%20of%202020,8%20Epic%20Games%3A
%20%241.53%20billion%20...%20More%20itemsLinks to an external site.
Yahoo! (2024, February 25). Rivian Automotive, inc. (RIVN) stock major
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Related Questions
54) Which of the following is an electronic marketplace for buying and selling global stocks and
securities?
A) New York Stock Exchange
B) Over-the-counter market
C) NASDAQ
D) Tokyo foreign securities exchange
E) London foreign securities exchange
55) Jennifer Fritz is thinking about purchasing the stock of the Sunshine Corporation at the
current market price. What type of order should she place?
A) Market order
B) Limit order
C) Stop order
D) Discretionary order
E) Common order
56) Ashley Riley wants to buy the stock of XYZ Company at a specified price or better. What
type of order should she place?
A) Market order
B) Limit order
C) Stop order
D) Discretionary order
E) Common order
57) Carol Fisher wants to sell the stock of Hathaway International at the next available price after
the market price reaches $50 per share. What type of order should she place?
A) Market order
B) Limit order
C) Stop order
D) Discretionary order
E) Common order
58) A long-term technique used by investors…
arrow_forward
What comment can be made about this?
Investing in cryptocurrency can help provide diversification in a portfolio since historically, cryptos have shown no price correlation with the U.S. stock market (Levy, 2021). Also, unlike banks and other intermediaries, the blockchain is open 24/7, the transactions provide transparency plus anonymity because though the crypto wallet is viewable to the public, the owners of the wallets are anonymous. And, there is a lower risk of error since the transactions involve little human interaction (Voigt & Rosen, 2021).
arrow_forward
“If markets are efficient, you might as well select yourportfolio by throwing darts at the stock listings in the Wall StreetJournal”. The statement is true or false? Explain
arrow_forward
6. Stock market regulation
Use the following table to match each term to its corresponding description.
Description
Restrictions on trading when exchanges believe market participants need more time
to gather complete information about a stock.
The agency that attempts to protect investors by ensuring firms fully disclose all
relevant information that could affect the values of securities.
The division that reviews security trades by various organizations that facilitate the
trading of securities, such as brokers and stock exchanges.
Regulation that requires that investors receive important information about
securities being offered on public exchanges and prohibits misleading or unethical
trading practices on security exchanges by requiring stock exchanges to discipline
financial market participants who violate the regulation.
Term
Circuit Breakers
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Securities and Exchange Acts of 1933 and 1934
Trading Halts
arrow_forward
What benefits and negatives to you see with crypto? (CBDC 2022) (Kolakowski 2022)
In the age of crypto the public has looked to the FED for their perspective of the creation of a crypto for the U.S. in the form of a Central Bank Digital Currency. The FED describes that a, "CBDC transactions would need to be final and completed in real time, allowing users to make payments to one another using a risk-free asset." This debate is popular with the FED holding an open comment submission earlier this year with the public on the topic! Sadly, the submission period of 120 days has ended but here is the link to the PDF gallery of public comments: Federal Reserve Board - Public Comments (Links to an external site.). What does the group think about a nationally created crypto? (CBDC 2022)
A digestion article I recently enjoyed was useful as a guide to the massive original post by the FED here: Money and Payments: The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation (federalreserve.gov) (Links to…
arrow_forward
The least risky capital market security isa. preferred stock.b. common stock.c. corporate bonds.d. treasury bonds
Which statement is true of digital legal tender?a. Digital legal tender replaces physical notes and coin.b. Digital legal tender issued into the economy will not save on costs associated with printingphysical notes.c. Distributed ledger technology can enable the central banks to issue a secure, transparent andefficient digital legal tender.d. Digital legal tender is worth more than physical notes
arrow_forward
How does the increasing prevalence of high-
frequency trading (HFT) systems employed by
Goldman Sachs impact market efficiency and
information asymmetry in global financial markets,
particularly considering their advanced artificial
intelligence and machine learning capabilities?
Examine the implications for traditional
fundamental analysts and retail investors who may
not have access to similar technological capabilities,
and consider how this technological divide might
affect price discovery processes, market liquidity,
and overall market stability. Furthermore, analyze
the regulatory challenges this creates for financial
authorities trying to ensure fair market access and
prevent potential market manipulation while
fostering innovation in financial technology.
arrow_forward
2. Types of financial markets
Financial markets across economies involve various kinds of participants and trade various types of assets and securities. It is important to understand the kinds of markets in which financial transactions take place.
You are preparing to take an exam in your finance class, and you’ve been making flash cards on different markets and transactions. Indicate the markets in which each of the following transactions will be traded:
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
Helen buys 1,000 shares of Microsoft stock through her online brokerage account.
Finacial Assets or physical markets
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
A farmer agrees to sell 10,000 bushels of wheat at the rate of $4.50 per bushel to a buyer in three months. A regulated exchange, such as the Chicago Board of Trade, completes the transaction.
Futures or spot markets
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
Sheila…
arrow_forward
2. Types of financial markets
Financial markets across economies involve various kinds of participants and trade various types of assets and securities. It is important to understand the kinds of markets in which financial transactions take place.
You are preparing to take an exam in your finance class, and you’ve been making flash cards on different markets and transactions. Indicate the markets in which each of the following transactions will be traded:
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
Helen buys 1,000 shares of Microsoft stock through her online brokerage account.
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
You need gasoline now, so you drive to the gas station and purchase 10 gallons of gasoline.
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
Long-term mortgage-backed securities are traded between investors and issuers.
Description of Transaction
Type of Market
An investor holding…
arrow_forward
Which one of the following statements is true of E-commerce?
Question 13Answer
a.
It involves the exchange of an electronic item for cash.
b.
Banks are reducing their use of e-commerce platforms because of cyber attacks.
c.
Includes trading and transferring of funds by using computer networks.
d.
E-commerce is not as secure as traditional delivery channels.
arrow_forward
Which of the following best describes ECHO (Exchange Clearing House Limited)?
A digital sound system that produces repetitive sound waves.
A financial tool used to measure a country's economic output.
A global stock exchange platform used by major financial markets.
An international clearing house primarily for forex transactions.
arrow_forward
You’ve probably noticed coverage in the financial press of an initial public offering (IPO) of a company’s securities. The social networking company Snapchat is a relatively recent example. Is an IPO a primary market transaction or a secondary market transaction?
arrow_forward
The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 led to the creation of the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).
a.true
b. false
arrow_forward
4. The over-the-counter securities market
is a good example of
a dealer market
O a direct search market
an auction market
a brokered market
arrow_forward
Which of the following statements is true about dealer markets?
NYSE is the best-known example of a dealer market.
A dealer market involves time-consuming search for a fair deal.
The advantage of a dealer over a brokered market is that brokers cannot guarantee that an order will be executed promptly, while dealers can, because they have an inventory of securities.
All of the above are true of dealer markets.
arrow_forward
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Related Questions
- 54) Which of the following is an electronic marketplace for buying and selling global stocks and securities? A) New York Stock Exchange B) Over-the-counter market C) NASDAQ D) Tokyo foreign securities exchange E) London foreign securities exchange 55) Jennifer Fritz is thinking about purchasing the stock of the Sunshine Corporation at the current market price. What type of order should she place? A) Market order B) Limit order C) Stop order D) Discretionary order E) Common order 56) Ashley Riley wants to buy the stock of XYZ Company at a specified price or better. What type of order should she place? A) Market order B) Limit order C) Stop order D) Discretionary order E) Common order 57) Carol Fisher wants to sell the stock of Hathaway International at the next available price after the market price reaches $50 per share. What type of order should she place? A) Market order B) Limit order C) Stop order D) Discretionary order E) Common order 58) A long-term technique used by investors…arrow_forwardWhat comment can be made about this? Investing in cryptocurrency can help provide diversification in a portfolio since historically, cryptos have shown no price correlation with the U.S. stock market (Levy, 2021). Also, unlike banks and other intermediaries, the blockchain is open 24/7, the transactions provide transparency plus anonymity because though the crypto wallet is viewable to the public, the owners of the wallets are anonymous. And, there is a lower risk of error since the transactions involve little human interaction (Voigt & Rosen, 2021).arrow_forward“If markets are efficient, you might as well select yourportfolio by throwing darts at the stock listings in the Wall StreetJournal”. The statement is true or false? Explainarrow_forward
- 6. Stock market regulation Use the following table to match each term to its corresponding description. Description Restrictions on trading when exchanges believe market participants need more time to gather complete information about a stock. The agency that attempts to protect investors by ensuring firms fully disclose all relevant information that could affect the values of securities. The division that reviews security trades by various organizations that facilitate the trading of securities, such as brokers and stock exchanges. Regulation that requires that investors receive important information about securities being offered on public exchanges and prohibits misleading or unethical trading practices on security exchanges by requiring stock exchanges to discipline financial market participants who violate the regulation. Term Circuit Breakers Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Securities and Exchange Acts of 1933 and 1934 Trading Haltsarrow_forwardWhat benefits and negatives to you see with crypto? (CBDC 2022) (Kolakowski 2022) In the age of crypto the public has looked to the FED for their perspective of the creation of a crypto for the U.S. in the form of a Central Bank Digital Currency. The FED describes that a, "CBDC transactions would need to be final and completed in real time, allowing users to make payments to one another using a risk-free asset." This debate is popular with the FED holding an open comment submission earlier this year with the public on the topic! Sadly, the submission period of 120 days has ended but here is the link to the PDF gallery of public comments: Federal Reserve Board - Public Comments (Links to an external site.). What does the group think about a nationally created crypto? (CBDC 2022) A digestion article I recently enjoyed was useful as a guide to the massive original post by the FED here: Money and Payments: The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation (federalreserve.gov) (Links to…arrow_forwardThe least risky capital market security isa. preferred stock.b. common stock.c. corporate bonds.d. treasury bonds Which statement is true of digital legal tender?a. Digital legal tender replaces physical notes and coin.b. Digital legal tender issued into the economy will not save on costs associated with printingphysical notes.c. Distributed ledger technology can enable the central banks to issue a secure, transparent andefficient digital legal tender.d. Digital legal tender is worth more than physical notesarrow_forward
- How does the increasing prevalence of high- frequency trading (HFT) systems employed by Goldman Sachs impact market efficiency and information asymmetry in global financial markets, particularly considering their advanced artificial intelligence and machine learning capabilities? Examine the implications for traditional fundamental analysts and retail investors who may not have access to similar technological capabilities, and consider how this technological divide might affect price discovery processes, market liquidity, and overall market stability. Furthermore, analyze the regulatory challenges this creates for financial authorities trying to ensure fair market access and prevent potential market manipulation while fostering innovation in financial technology.arrow_forward2. Types of financial markets Financial markets across economies involve various kinds of participants and trade various types of assets and securities. It is important to understand the kinds of markets in which financial transactions take place. You are preparing to take an exam in your finance class, and you’ve been making flash cards on different markets and transactions. Indicate the markets in which each of the following transactions will be traded: Description of Transaction Type of Market Helen buys 1,000 shares of Microsoft stock through her online brokerage account. Finacial Assets or physical markets Description of Transaction Type of Market A farmer agrees to sell 10,000 bushels of wheat at the rate of $4.50 per bushel to a buyer in three months. A regulated exchange, such as the Chicago Board of Trade, completes the transaction. Futures or spot markets Description of Transaction Type of Market Sheila…arrow_forward2. Types of financial markets Financial markets across economies involve various kinds of participants and trade various types of assets and securities. It is important to understand the kinds of markets in which financial transactions take place. You are preparing to take an exam in your finance class, and you’ve been making flash cards on different markets and transactions. Indicate the markets in which each of the following transactions will be traded: Description of Transaction Type of Market Helen buys 1,000 shares of Microsoft stock through her online brokerage account. Description of Transaction Type of Market You need gasoline now, so you drive to the gas station and purchase 10 gallons of gasoline. Description of Transaction Type of Market Long-term mortgage-backed securities are traded between investors and issuers. Description of Transaction Type of Market An investor holding…arrow_forward
- Which one of the following statements is true of E-commerce? Question 13Answer a. It involves the exchange of an electronic item for cash. b. Banks are reducing their use of e-commerce platforms because of cyber attacks. c. Includes trading and transferring of funds by using computer networks. d. E-commerce is not as secure as traditional delivery channels.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes ECHO (Exchange Clearing House Limited)? A digital sound system that produces repetitive sound waves. A financial tool used to measure a country's economic output. A global stock exchange platform used by major financial markets. An international clearing house primarily for forex transactions.arrow_forwardYou’ve probably noticed coverage in the financial press of an initial public offering (IPO) of a company’s securities. The social networking company Snapchat is a relatively recent example. Is an IPO a primary market transaction or a secondary market transaction?arrow_forward
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Recommended textbooks for you
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Author:Bodie, Zvi, Kane, Alex, MARCUS, Alan J.
Publisher:Mcgraw-hill Education,



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ISBN:9780134897264
Author:KEOWN, Arthur J., Martin, John D., PETTY, J. William
Publisher:Pearson,

Fundamentals of Financial Management (MindTap Cou...
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ISBN:9781337395250
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Publisher:Cengage Learning

Corporate Finance (The Mcgraw-hill/Irwin Series i...
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